Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology - Year 2 AC > Week 8 - Female Genital Tract > Flashcards

Week 8 - Female Genital Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What cervical pathology can arise?

A

Cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN)

Cervical carcinoma

Endocervical polyps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the routine of a cervical smear test and what does it aim to detect?

A

Aims to detect early disease stages before it becomes invasive

  • normal routine 3/5 year re-smear
  • if abnormal - referred to colposcopy (direct visualisation of the cervix)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is the human papilloma virus transmitted?

A

By sexual contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the symptoms of human papilloma virus?

A

Asymptomatic

Many different types (low risk - warts and verrucas, high risk - cervical cancer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the human papilloma virus thought to be the main cause of?

A

Cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN)

And therefore cervical cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are 12-13 year girls offered to help protect them against infection from human papilloma virus?

A

HPV vaccination

-offers protection against infection for strains associated with 70% of cervical smears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is CIN?

A

Cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN)

-microscopic lesion that affects the cervix that could potentially develop into cervical cancer if left untreated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How common is cervical cancer/carcinoma, what are the risk factors and symptoms?

A

-2nd most common female malignancy

Risk factors - HPV, smoking, non-attendance to cervical screening

Symptoms - abnormal discharge and bleeding, on examination the cervix appears abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is cervical cancer/carcinoma treated?

A

Depends on stage - either local excision or radical hysterectomy +/- chemo/ radiotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are endocervical polyps?

A
  • benign lesions
  • usually present with vaginal bleeding/spotting
  • can remove at hysteroscopy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What conditions can arise in uterine pathology?

A
  • menorrhagia
  • fibroids
  • endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease
  • endometriosis
  • endometrial polyps
  • endometrial cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is menorrhagia and what is the cause of it?

A

Heavy periods - >80ml blood loss

-very common

Causes:

  • diagnosis not known - 50%
  • fibroids, endometriosis, polyps
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is menorrhagia treated?

A
  • mirena coil
  • mefanamic and transexamic acid
  • COCP (combined oral contraceptive pill)
  • depo provera - injection
  • endometrial ablation
  • hysterectomy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the other word for fibroids?

A

Leiomyomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are fibroids/Leiomyomas?

A
  • very common benign tumours (smooth muscle)
  • arise from myometrium (uterine muscular wall)
  • can present with heavy or painful periods, pelvic pain or distension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is endometritis or pelvic inflammatory disease caused by and what are its symptoms?

A
  • caused by infections, usually sexually transmitted
  • can present with abnormal discharge, pain, bleeding BUT can be asymptomatic

-major cause of infertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is endometriosis and its symptoms?

A
  • endometrial tissue in the wrong location (outside the endometrium)
  • very common benign condition

-can present with heavy or painful periods, pelvic pain, painful sex

18
Q

How is endometriosis treated?

A

Depends on symptoms - often difficult

-COCP, Mirena coil, zoladex - injection/implant, surgery

19
Q

What are endometrial polyps?

A
  • benign growths from endometrial cavity

- can be removed at hysteroscopy

20
Q

What is endometrial carcinoma, what are the symptoms and risk factors?

A
  • cancer of the lining of the uterus
  • often presents as post-menopausal bleeding (detected early)
  • risk factors - nulliparity (never given birth), high BMI, HRT and late menopause, oestrogen exposure
21
Q

How is endometrial carcinoma diagnosed and how is it treated?

A

Diagnosed on biopsy - either pipelle or hysteroscopy

Treatment:

  • usually TAH (total abdominal hysterectomy)
  • BSO (bilateral salpingo-oopherectomy)
22
Q

What ovarian cysts can arise?

A

Follicular cysts

Cystadenomas

Benign mature teratomas

23
Q

When do ovarian cysts usually occur?

A

Can be benign or malignant

  • can occur in young women (usually benign - 20-45)
  • can occur in older women (usually malignant - >45)
24
Q

What are follicular cysts?

A
  • benign
  • very common
  • usually less than 6cm
  • often asymptomatic, no treatment needed
25
Q

What are cystadenomas?

A
  • can be very large fluid filled cysts

- symptoms caused by pressure effect

26
Q

What are benign mature teratomas?

A
  • dermoid cysts

- large cysts filled with solid substance

27
Q

What is polycystic ovarian syndrome and what are its symptoms?

A
  • common condition
  • multiple cysts on ovaries

-usually presents as irregular periods, no periods, infertility, others

Major cause of infertility

28
Q

How is polycystic ovarian syndrome treated?

A
  • COCP
  • Metformin
  • Clomiphene (induces ovulation)
29
Q

What are the complications of polycystic ovarian syndrome?

A

Increased CV risk

Increased risk of type 2 DM

Increased problems in pregnancy

30
Q

What are the symptoms of ovarian cancer and what is the prognosis like?

A
  • often asymptomatic
  • usually presents late when already spread
  • poorer prognosis than endometrial cancer
31
Q

What diseases can be associated with pregnancy?

A
  • miscarriage
  • ectopic pregnancies
  • gestational trophoblastic disease
32
Q

What is a miscarriage?

A
  • loss of pregnancy before 24 weeks
  • occurs in approx 15% of pregnancies
  • usually first trimester

-often no cause found

33
Q

What are the classifications of miscarriages?

A
  • threatened
  • inevitable
  • incomplete
  • missed
34
Q

What are the risk factors of miscarriage?

A

Increasing age, multiple pregnancies, smoking, alcohol, connective tissue disorders in mother, diabetes

35
Q

How does a miscarriage usually present?

A

PV bleeding

36
Q

How are miscarriages often treated?

A
  • conservative
  • misoprostol
  • surgical usually by vacuum suction under GA
37
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

An extra uterine pregnancy usually occurring in the Fallopian tubes

  • occurs in 1% of pregnancies
  • can occur very early before a period has been missed
  • can be a gynaecological emergency as rupture of the pregnancy carries high mortality
38
Q

What are the risk factors for an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease, coil, IVF, fertility treatments, previous ectopic, pelvic surgery, smoking

39
Q

How do ectopic pregnancies present?

A
  • pain and unilateral lower abdo pain

- raised beta-HCG levels on blood testing

40
Q

How are ectopic pregnancies almost always treated?

A

Surgery

41
Q

What complaints can be presented regarding the female genital tract?

A

Vaginal bleeding (post-coital (after sex), inter-menstrual, post-menopausal, heavy periods, irregular periods)

Pain (pelvic, abdominal, painful sex, painful periods)

Discharge (heavy, bloody, offensive, itchy)

Infertility (primary, secondary)

Pathology - Year 2 AC (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions