Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology - Year 2 AC > Week 5 - Respiratory - Non-neoplastic > Flashcards

Week 5 - Respiratory - Non-neoplastic Flashcards

1
Q

What does the lower airway consist of?

A

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which structures of the respiratory system have cartilage in the wall?

A

Trachea

Bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which structures of the respiratory system have smooth muscle in the wall?

A

Bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What infections can you get in the respiratory tract?

A
  • uri/sinusitis
  • flu
  • pneumonia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What restrictive disorders may occur in the respiratory tract?

A
  • chest wall abnormalities
  • connective tissue disorders
  • pneumoconiosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What obstructive disorders may occur in the respiratory tract?

A
  • COPD (bronchitis/emphysema)
  • asthma
  • bronchiectasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What vascular disorders may occur in the respiratory tract?

A
  • pulmonary oedema

- pulmonary embolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What expansion disorders may occur in the respiratory tract?

A
  • atelecasis

- pneumothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the definition of an infection of the upper airway?

A

Acute inflammatory process that effects mucous membranes of the respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What infections can occur acutely in the upper airways?

A

Rhinitis
Laryngitis
Tonsillitis
Sinusitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the symptoms of an upper airway infection

A

Malaise
Headache
Sore throat
Discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the aetiology (cause) of upper airway infections?

A
  • commonly viral (attaches to mucosa, invades the tissue, causes necrosis, inflammation and swelling - narrows airways - spreads along mucosa)
  • can get secondary bacterial infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why might a secondary bacterial infection occur after a viral infection of the upper airways?

A

-bacteria penetrate the damages mucous membranes - causing secondary bacterial infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name an infection of the lower airways?

A

Pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the definition of a lower airway infection (pneumonia)?

A

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma (the lung itself)

Consolidation (hardening) of the affected part

Exudate with inflammatory cells and fibrin in the alveolar air spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the causes of infections in the lower airways (pneumonia)?

A

Infectious agents
Inhalation of chemicals
Chest wall trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

List the types/settings of pneumonia

A
  • Community acquired
  • Hospital acquired
  • Aspiration pneumonia
  • Chronic pneumonia
  • Necrotising pneumonia and lung abscesses
  • Pneumonia in the immunocompromised host
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the clinical features of pneumonia?

A
  • fever
  • rigours
  • SOB
  • pleuritic chest pain (pain on breathing)
  • purulent sputum
  • cough
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Discuss community acquired pneumonia and what causes it

A

-relatively common, esp. in elderly population

  • strep pneumoniae = most common organism
  • haemophilus influenzae
  • staph aureus - complicates viral infection and in IV drug users

-lobar or bronchopneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Discuss hospital acquired pneumonia and what causes it

A

AKA - nosocomial pneumonia

  • any pneumonia contracted by patient at least 48-72 hrs after admission
  • usually bacterial-gram neg bacilli and staph aureus
  • severe - can be fatal - most common death cause in ITU
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the other name for hospital acquired pneumonia?

A

Nosocomial pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the symptoms of hospital and community acquired pneumonia?

A

Fever
Increased white cell count
Cough with purulent sputum
Chest X-ray changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Discuss aspiration pneumonia and what causes it

A
  • develops after inhalation of foreign material
  • elderly, strokes, dementia, anaesthetic more prone to develop aspiration
  • usually right middle and right lower lobe
  • oral flora +- other bacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is obstructive respiratory disease?

A
  • characterised by partial or complete obstruction at any level from the trachea to respiratory bronchioles
  • pulmonary function test - limitation of maximal airflow rate during forced expiration (FEV1 - forced expiratory volume)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is restrictive respiratory disease?

A
  • characterised by reduced expansion with decreased total lung capacity
  • FVC (forced vital capacity) is reduced - amount of air that can be blown out after maximal inspiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Name some obstructive diseases

A

Asthma
COPD
Bronchiectasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the upper airway consist of?

A

Nose, accessory air sinuses, nasopharynx, larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is emphysema?

A

COPD - obstructive disease

Irreversible enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles - destruction of their walls with out obvious fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the types of emphysema a person can get?

A

Centriacinar
Panacinar
Paraseptal
Irregular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Explain the pathogenesis of emphysema

A
  • mild chronic inflammation throughout airways
  • protease - antiprotease imbalance hypothesis
  • imbalance of oxidants and antioxidants
  • role of smoking and genetics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Explain the morphology of emphysema

A
  • Voluminous lungs
  • large alveoli
  • large apical bullae or blebs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the symptoms of emphysema?

A
  • dyspnoea, cough, wheezing, weight loss
  • expiratory airflow limitation (pink puffers)
  • death due to cor pulmonale
  • congestive heart failure, pneumothorax
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

COPD - obstructive disease

Persistent cough with sputum production, for at least 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years, without any other identifiable cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What may cause chronic bronchitis?

A
  • long-standing irritation by inhaled substances (e.g. Tobacco smoke, dust from grain, cotton, silica)
  • hypertrophy of sub mucosal glands in trachea and bronchi, increase in goblet cells
  • mucus hypersecretion and alterations in the small airways - chronic airway obstruction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Explain the morphology of chronic bronchitis

A
  • mucous membrane hyperaemia (excess of blood vessels), swelling, oedema
  • excessive mucous/mucopurulent excretions
  • narrowing of bronchioles due to mucus plugging, inflammation and fibrosis
  • may cause obliteration in severe cases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the symptoms/clinical course of chronic bronchitis?

A
  • persistent cough, production of sputum
  • dyspnoea on exertion
  • hypercapnia (CO2 retention), hypoxemia (low blood O2 conc.), mild cyanosis
  • leads to cor pulmonale, cardiac failure, may cause atypical metaplasia/dysplasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is cor pulmonale?

A

abnormal enlargement of the right side of the heart as a result of disease of the lungs or the pulmonary blood vessels

38
Q

What is asthma?

A
  • Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways
  • recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and cough, particularly at night and/or early in the morning
  • widespread but variable bronchi obstruction and airflow limitation
  • partly reversible (treatment)
39
Q

What are the hallmarks of asthma?

A
  • increased airway responsiveness
  • episodic bronchoconstriction
  • inflammation of bronchial walls
  • increased mucous secretion
40
Q

What are the two types of asthma?

A

Intrinsic

Extrinsic

41
Q

What is extrinsic asthma?

A
  • response to inhaled antigen - atopic, occupational

- hypersensitivity, IgE mediated

42
Q

What is intrinsic asthma?

A

-non-immune mechanisms - cold, exercise, aspirin

43
Q

What happens in an early phase reaction of asthma?

A

Bronchoconstriction, increased mucous production, vasodilation, increased vascular permeability

44
Q

What happens in a late phase reaction of asthma?

A

Inflammation, epithelial damage, more bronchoconstriction

45
Q

Explain the morphology of asthma

A
  • lung over inflation and small areas of atelectasis
  • thick mucus plugs in bronchi and bronchioles
  • airway remodelling
46
Q

What are the symptoms/clinical course of asthma?

A
  • chest tightness, wheezing, dyspnoea, cough +- sputum
  • status asthmaticus
  • increase in airflow obstruction, difficulty with exhalation
47
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

Permanent destruction and dilation of the airways associated with severe infections or obstructions

48
Q

What is the aetiology/ what can cause bronchiectasis?

A

CF, kartageners

post infectious: TB, measles, bronchial obstruction e.g. TB/FB

49
Q

What is the morphology of bronchiectasis?

A

Dilated, inflamed airways

50
Q

What are the symptoms/is the clinical course of bronchiectasis?

A

Persistent cough, purulent sputum +++, haemoptysis (coughing of blood from below the glottis)

51
Q

How is a restrictive lung disease characterised?

A
  • reduced expansion with decreased total lung capacity
  • FVC (forced vital capacity) is reduced - amount of air that can be blown out after maximal inspiration
  • heterogeneous group of diseases
  • characterised by inflammation and fibrosis of the pulmonary connective tissue (e.g. interstitium of the alveolar walls)
52
Q

What is the morphology of restrictive lung disease?

A
  • X-ray- bilateral infiltrative lesions - small nodule, irregular lines, ground glass
  • scarring and gross destruction of the lung - end stage/honeycomb lung
53
Q

What are the clinical features of restrictive lung disease?

A
  • dyspnoea, tachypnoea, end-inspiratory crackles
  • eventual cyanosis, without wheezing
  • reduction in gas diffusing capacity, lung volume and compliance
  • may lead to secondary pulmonary hypertension and right sided heart failure with cor pulmonale
54
Q

Name some vascular disorders to do with the lungs

A 
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary oedema
Haemodynamic oedema 
Oedema due to alveolar injury
Oedema of undetermined origin
55
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

Blockage of a main or branch pulmonary artery by an embolus

-usual source of emboli are deep venous thrombi of the leg (95%)

56
Q

What is the pathophysiology of a pulmonary embolism?

A
  • respiratory compromise

- haemodynamic compromise

57
Q

What is the morphology of a pulmonary embolism?

A
  • central/peripheral emboli
  • pulmonary haemorrhage
  • pulmonary infarction
58
Q

What is the clinical course of a pulmonary embolism?

A
  • abrupt onset of pleuritic chest pain
  • SOB
  • hypoxia
  • increased pulmonary vascular resistance -right ventricular failure
59
Q

What is pulmonary oedema?

A

Accumulation of fluid in the air spaces and parenchyma of the lungs

60
Q

What is the morphology of pulmonary oedema?

A
  • initial fluid accumulation in basal regions - dependant oedema
  • engorged alveolar capillaries, intra-alveolar granular pink precipitate
  • alveolar microhaemorrhages, haemosiderin-laden macrophages
  • heavy, wet lungs
61
Q

What are the clinical features of pulmonary oedema?

A
  • SOB
  • pink, frothy sputum
  • characteristic CXR findings
62
Q

What may haemodynamic oedema cause?

A
  • increased venous pressure e.g. left ventricular failure
  • decreased oncotic pressure e.g. nephrotic syndrome
  • liver failure
63
Q

What may cause oedema due to alveolar injury?

A
  • infections

- shock/trauma

64
Q

What may cause oedema of an undetermined origin?

A

-neurogenic/high altitude

65
Q

Name some lung expansion diseases

A

Pneumothorax

Atelectasis

66
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A
  • air in the pleural cavity
  • collapsed lung

-Associated with emphysema, asthma, TB, trauma, idiopathic

67
Q

What is atelectasis?

A
  • incomplete expansion of lungs
  • reduces oxygenation and predisposes to infection
  • reversible
68
Q

Name the 2 types of respiratory failure

A

Type 1 - hypoxia with normal or low PCO2

Type II - hypoxia with high PCO2

69
Q

What can cause type 1 - hypoxia with a normal or low PCO2?

A
  • pneumonia
  • pulmonary oedema
  • asthma
  • PE
  • pulmonary fibrosis
  • ARDS
70
Q

What can cause type II - hypoxia with high PCO2?

A
  • asthma, COPD, OSA
  • reduced respiratory drive
  • neuromuscular disease
  • thoracic wall disease e.g. kyphoscoliosis
71
Q

How is a restrictive lung disease characterised?

A
  • reduced expansion with decreased total lung capacity
  • FVC (forced vital capacity) is reduced - amount of air that can be blown out after maximal inspiration
  • heterogeneous group of diseases
  • characterised by inflammation and fibrosis of the pulmonary connective tissue (e.g. interstitium of the alveolar walls)
72
Q

What is the morphology of restrictive lung disease?

A
  • X-ray- bilateral infiltrative lesions - small nodule, irregular lines, ground glass
  • scarring and gross destruction of the lung - end stage/honeycomb lung
73
Q

What are the clinical features of restrictive lung disease?

A
  • dyspnoea, tachypnoea, end-inspiratory crackles
  • eventual cyanosis, without wheezing
  • reduction in gas diffusing capacity, lung volume and compliance
  • may lead to secondary pulmonary hypertension and right sided heart failure with cor pulmonale
74
Q

Name some vascular disorders to do with the lungs

A 
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary oedema
Haemodynamic oedema 
Oedema due to alveolar injury
Oedema of undetermined origin
75
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

Blockage of a main or branch pulmonary artery by an embolus

-usual source of emboli are deep venous thrombi of the leg (95%)

76
Q

What is the pathophysiology of a pulmonary embolism?

A
  • respiratory compromise

- haemodynamic compromise

77
Q

What is the morphology of a pulmonary embolism?

A
  • central/peripheral emboli
  • pulmonary haemorrhage
  • pulmonary infarction
78
Q

What is the clinical course of a pulmonary embolism?

A
  • abrupt onset of pleuritic chest pain
  • SOB
  • hypoxia
  • increased pulmonary vascular resistance -right ventricular failure
79
Q

What is pulmonary oedema?

A

Accumulation of fluid in the air spaces and parenchyma of the lungs

80
Q

What is the morphology of pulmonary oedema?

A
  • initial fluid accumulation in basal regions - dependant oedema
  • engorged alveolar capillaries, intra-alveolar granular pink precipitate
  • alveolar microhaemorrhages, haemosiderin-laden macrophages
  • heavy, wet lungs
81
Q

What are the clinical features of pulmonary oedema?

A
  • SOB
  • pink, frothy sputum
  • characteristic CXR findings
82
Q

What may haemodynamic oedema cause?

A
  • increased venous pressure e.g. left ventricular failure
  • decreased oncotic pressure e.g. nephrotic syndrome
  • liver failure
83
Q

What may cause oedema due to alveolar injury?

A
  • infections

- shock/trauma

84
Q

What may cause oedema of an undetermined origin?

A

-neurogenic/high altitude

85
Q

Name some lung expansion diseases

A

Pneumothorax

Atelectasis

86
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A
  • air in the pleural cavity
  • collapsed lung

-Associated with emphysema, asthma, TB, trauma, idiopathic

87
Q

What is atelectasis?

A
  • incomplete expansion of lungs
  • reduces oxygenation and predisposes to infection
  • reversible
88
Q

Name the 2 types of respiratory failure

A

Type 1 - hypoxia with normal or low PCO2

Type II - hypoxia with high PCO2

89
Q

What can cause type 1 - hypoxia with a normal or low PCO2?

A
  • pneumonia
  • pulmonary oedema
  • asthma
  • PE
  • pulmonary fibrosis
  • ARDS
90
Q

What can cause type II - hypoxia with high PCO2?

A
  • asthma, COPD, OSA
  • reduced respiratory drive
  • neuromuscular disease
  • thoracic wall disease e.g. kyphoscoliosis

Pathology - Year 2 AC (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions