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Pathology - Year 2 AC > Week 2 - Immunity And Disease > Flashcards

Week 2 - Immunity And Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of immunity?

A

Innate

Adaptive

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2
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Defence mechanisms present even before infection or activated in a non-specific way

  • skin, mucous membranes
  • phagocytic cells (neutrophils,macrophages), inflammation, fever
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3
Q

What is adaptive immunity ?

A
  • cell-mediated immunity

- humoral immunity

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4
Q

What are non-specific defences in the body?

A
  • intact skin

- mucous and cilia

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5
Q

How is the skin a barrier to infection?

A
  • outer layer = keratin - mechanical barrier
  • dead skin cells constantly sloughed off (hard for bacteria to colonise)
  • sweat and oils contain anti-microbial chemicals
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6
Q

What mucous membranes help prevent infections occurring?

A
  • cilia - respiratory tract
  • acid - stomach, vagina
  • enzymes - saliva, eye
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7
Q

Name the granulocytes and what they do

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

  • remove dead cells and micro-organisms
  • attracted by an inflammatory response of damaged cells
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8
Q

Name the monocytes and what they do

A

Macrophages

  • in tissues which serve as filters trapping microbes
  • macrophages live longer than granulocytes
  • stimulate specific immune response (antigen-presenting)
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9
Q

How do macrophages create a non-specific response to infection?

A
  • release protein signals - interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)
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10
Q

Name other non-specific responses to infections

A
  • fever
  • pain,swelling, redness
  • acute-phase proteins released from liver (bind to bacteria and activate complement proteins)
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11
Q

What does specific/adaptive immunity rely on?

A

Antigens

-specific substances found in foreign microbes

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12
Q

What other types of cells in the lymphatic system are used in adaptive immunity?

A

Lymphocytes (b cells and T cells)

-carried in blood or lymph

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13
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced?

A

Bone marrow

-B-cells mature in bone marrow then concentrate in lymph nodes and spleen

T-cells mature in the thymus

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14
Q

What antigens do T-cells recognise?

A

Antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex - class I (all cells) or class II (APC)

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15
Q

What do T-cells do?

A
  • directly attack invaders (cytotoxic, CD8+, MHC I)
  • cell mediated immunity
  • recognise pathogens that have entered cells
  • also help B-cells (helper cells, CD4+, MHC II)
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16
Q

What do cytotoxic T-cells do?

A
  • seek out and destroy any antigens in the system and destroy microbes tagged by antibodies
  • some can recognise and destroy cancer cells
  • variable region on T-cell receptor
17
Q

What do T helper-cells do?

A
  • stimulate B-cells

- activate cytotoxic cells and macrophages to attack infected cells

18
Q

What is immunity?

A

Protection/defence against infections

19
Q

How do T-cells recognise an invader?

A
  • detect antigen on cell surface or epitope (fragment of antigen)
  • if a non-self antigen protein is encountered by a macrophage, it will bring the protein to a helper t-cell for identification
  • if helper t-cell recognises it as non-self an immune response is launched
20
Q

What does HIV destroy?

A

Helper t-cells - so immune response diminished

21
Q

What is the other name for helper t-cells?

A

CD4+

22
Q

What do cytokines stimulate?

A

B-cell division

23
Q

What do b-cells differentiate in to?

A

Memory and plasma cells

24
Q

What do b-cells do?

A
  • secrete antibodies (glycoproteins/specific, hypervariable region, different subtypes - IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD)
  • humoral immunity
  • recognise pathogens outside cells
  • opsonisation, bind and block (agglutinate) stimulate complement
  • become memory or plasma cells
25
Q

What issues can occur with your immune system?

A

Immunodeficiency- prone to infections (chemo, drugs, HIV, splenectomy, bone marrow dysfunction)

Overactive immune system - hypersensitivity reactions

Autoimmune diseases - failure to recognise self

26
Q

What IS HIV, what cells does it infect and what does it cause?

A
  • retrovirus
  • infects CD4 and T-cells
  • causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
27
Q

What are the stages of progression of HIV?

A

Infection
Latency
AIDS - decline in CD4 and T cells, opportunistic infections

28
Q

What are the causes of secondary immunodeficiency?

A

Malnutrition, burns, uraemia, diabetes mellitus, immunotoxic medications, self-medication of recreational drugs/alcohol, AIDS

29
Q

When is the immune system considered hyperactive?

A
  • allergy (hypersensitivity)
  • auto-immunity
  • over reaction to pathogen
30
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

Excessive immune reaction against harmless antigens

  • type 1 (anaphylaxis, allergy) /type 4 - based on mechanism
  • sensitisation = first step
31
Q

Name some hyperactive conditions

A

Asthma, rhinitis (hay fever), peanut allergy

32
Q

What is the name given to an overreaction to a pathogen?

A

SIRS

systematic inflammatory response syndrome

33
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

Failure of an organism in recognising its own constituent parts as self

Leading to an immune response against its own cells and tissues

Normally display self-tolerance –> self reactive lymphocytes (deleted centrally, suppressed in periphery)

34
Q

Name some autoimmune diseases

A

Type 1 DM, coeliac disease, MS, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

35
Q

What type of immunity do vaccinations give?

A

Active immunity

Stimulates own immune system to elicit adaptive immune response to prevent future infection

36
Q

What do vaccinations success depend on?

A

Herd immunity

37
Q

What are the types of vaccination given?

A
  • live (attenuated) vaccines (live weakened pathogen - e.g. MMR)
  • inactivated vaccines (inactivated part of pathogen - e.g. Hep b)
  • toxoid (bacterial toxin - e.g. Diphtheria)
  • conjugated (antigen linked to protein carrier e.g. Pneumococcal)

Pathology - Year 2 AC (19 decks)

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