Week 8 - emotions Flashcards

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1
Q

Are both sympathetic and parasympathetic arousal evoked in most situations?

A

Yes! Both.

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2
Q

This statement applies to which theory? “you feel afraid BECAUSE you run away, and you feel angry BECAUSE you attack”.

A

the James-Lange theory. Emotion is the label you give your responses. The autonomic arousal and skeletal actions come first.

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3
Q

How does James define emotions?

A

Including: Cognitions, Actions and Feelings.

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4
Q

What is the sequence of the James-Lange theory?

A

Event - Appraisal (cognitive) - Action (behavioural aspect including physiology) - Emotional Feeling

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5
Q

Which two predictions does the James-Lange theory lead to?

A

People with WEAK autonomic or skeletal RESPONSES should feel LESS emotions

and

CAUSING or INCREASING someone’s responses should ENHANCE an emotion.

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6
Q

Do people with weak (or no) autonomic responses feel less emotion?

A

SORTOF! People with spinal injuries have similar emotions to beforehand.
However, those with pure autonomic failure experience emotions more weakly, confirming the James-Lange theory.

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7
Q

Do people with botox in their faces have reduced emotional experience?

A

Yes, they do, weirdly.

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8
Q

What is the implication of people feeling less with botox in their faces?

A

The implication is that FEELING A BODY CHANGE is IMPORTANT for FEELING AN EMOTION.

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9
Q

Do all the results suggest that autonomic responses and subjective experiences are perfectly correlated and connected?

A

No, it seems more complex.

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10
Q

What does this mean? “Emotions are “embodied””?

A

Emotions depend on responses of the body.

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11
Q

Is the James-Lange theory definitive?

A

No. Criticisms have been levelled suggesting that feedback from physiology is too slow to account for how fast we identify an event, that it does not distinguish one emotion from another, and that it is not necessary or sufficient.

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12
Q

Finish this sentence: Although emotional feelings correlate strongly with arousal of the autonomic nervous system…

A

…NO PARTICULAR EMOTION is consistently associated with a DISTINCTIVE PATTERN of autonomic activity.

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13
Q

With the exception of which emotion, no brain area appears to be specific for experiencing any particular emotion.

A

Happiness.

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14
Q

What does the Behavioural Activation System do?

A

Low to moderate autonomic arousal,

tendancy to approach (could characterise happiness or anger)

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15
Q

What does the Behavioural Inhibition System do?

A

Increases attention and arousal, inhibits action, and stimulates emotions such as fear and disgust.

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16
Q

What evidence is there for the BIS and BAS?

A

When people’s left hemisphere was primed, they were faster and more accurate at identifying happy faces. The reverse was true of the right hemisphere and sad/angry faces.

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17
Q

What is stress?

A

Non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it.

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18
Q

What is general adaptation syndrome?

A

The body’s response to stress (mainly due to activity of the adrenal glands).

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19
Q

What happens during the ALARM phase of stress?

A

Epinephrine is released, stimulating the sympathetic nervous system to ready body for emergency activity>
Adrenal gland salso release the hormone cortisol, which increases blood blucose, providing body with extra energy, as well as aldosterone, important for maintaining blood salt and blood volume. The body also suppresses less urgent activities, such as sexual arousal.

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20
Q

What happens during RESISTANCE, the second phase of stress?

A

The sympathetic nervous system response declines, but adrenal glands continue secreting cortisol and other hormones that enable the body to maintain prolonged alertness.

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21
Q

What happens during EXHAUSTION, the third phase?

A

Tired, inactive and vulnerable because the nervous and immune systems no longer have the energy to sustain their responses.

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22
Q

Stress activates two systems. The Sympathetic nervous System and the..

A

Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis.

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23
Q

What does activation of the human hypothalamus induce?

A

the anterior pituitary gland to secrete ADRENOCORTOCOTROPIC HORMONE (ATCH).

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24
Q

What does adrenocorticotropic hormone do?

A

stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol, which enhances metabolic activity, elevates blood levels of sugar and increases alertness.

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25
Q

Compared to the SNS, how does the HPA axis react?

A

It reacts MORE SLOWLY, but it dominates the response to PROLONGED STRESSORS, such as living with an abusive parent or spouse.

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26
Q

Brief or moderate stress …. attention and memory formation, especially in the amygdala.

A

IMPROVES.

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27
Q

What is the amygdala important for, regarding stressful situations?

A

Learning fears.

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28
Q

How does CORTISOL affect performance on habitual skills and simple tasks, and tasks that require complex and flexible thinking?

A

it improves performance on simple habitual stuff, but decreases performance for complex or flexible thinking.

29
Q

How does stress affect the immune system?

A

It enhances activity in the short-term but impairs immune system and memory when prolonged.

30
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

The primary components of the immune system (white blood cells).

31
Q

What is psychoneuroimmunology?

A

The study of the control of the NERVOUS SYSTEM over the IMMUNE SYSTEM.

32
Q

How does the nervous system and the immune system react to brief stress?

A

Increase production of natural killer cells and secretion of cytokines. Eleated cytokine levels help combat infections, but they also trigger prostaglandins, which reach the HYPOTHALAMUS.

33
Q

People who are under great stress resemble rats given inescapable shocks in these ways…

A

Resemble illness: sleepiness, decreased appetite, elevated body temperature.

34
Q

What does a prolonged stress response look like?

A

Symptoms similar to depression and weakens the immune system.

35
Q

What is the likely outcome of increasing metabolism via cortisol?

A

Detracting energy from synthesising proteins, including the proteins of the immune system.

36
Q

Which area of the brain can be harmed by stress?

A

The hippocampus. Cortisol increases metabolic activity in there, making its cells more vulnerable to damage by toxic chemicals or overstimulation.

37
Q

Which brain region is implicated in generating attack behaviours?

A

The corticomedial area of the amygdala.

38
Q

What support is there for genetic contribution to violent behaviour?

A

Twin studies suggest significant amount of heritability for aggresssion, but results vary depending on how aggression is measured.

39
Q

Is it problematic that many studies have not differentiated between offensive and defensive violence?

A

YES!

40
Q

What is the difference in heritability between middle-class and lower-class neighbourhoods?

A

Heritability of aggression in middle? High (behaviour is less common and more likely genetic)
Heritability in low class? Low (extremely harsh environment can push anyone to aggression).

41
Q

Does low MAOI activity cause violence?

A

No. The association increases with low activity MAOI gene (low serotonin turnover) + a violent upbringing, however (epigenetics).

42
Q

Does individual difference in baseline testosterone explain violence?

A

No. The difference isn’t that big. Difference may be more in burst testosterone rather than baseline.

43
Q

Is there more high testosterone individuals committing rape and murder than burglary or drug crimes?

A

Yes, there are.

44
Q

What did administering testosterone to men and women do?

A

Increased behaviours that are likely to enhance someone’s status or prestige (fighting for prestige is common among men).

45
Q

What happened to women when administered testosterone?

A

They argued more instead of collaborating, and one of them often dominated decision making.

46
Q

What is serotonin turnover?

A

It’s the amount of seretonin that neurons release and replace.

47
Q

What happens to isolated mice regarding serotonin turnover?

A

It was reduced by the greatest amount in the strains of mice that reacted with the greatest amount of FIGHTING AFTER social isolation.

48
Q

Is serotonin lower in juvenile or adult rodents? And who fights more?

A

Juveniles (both).

49
Q

Does low serotonin turnover correlate with human aggressive behaviour?

A

Yes, but the correlation is weak, not high enough to use it for making any predictions about an individual’s behaviour.

50
Q

What does cortisol inhibit?

A

Aggression. It leads to cautious behaviour that conserves energy.

51
Q

Does serotonin inhibit impulsive behaviours?

A

Yes!

52
Q

What does anger do to cortisol?

A

It decreases it.

53
Q

What does the combination of low cortisol and high testosterone produce?

A

Increases aggressive and risky behaviour.

54
Q

In regrads to danger, low cortisol….

A

reduces fear of harmful consequences.

55
Q

In regards to danger, high testosterone…

A

increases the expected pleasure or gain.

56
Q

Is any medication likely effective in curbing violence?

A

Nope.

57
Q

What happens to a rat with a damaged amygdala?

A

It will still show a startle response, but signs of DANGER or SAFETY do not modify the reflex (priming using what should have been an associated stimuli provided no impact)

58
Q

What happens to the appraisal of pleasant and unpleasant photos made by those with stroke-damaged amygdalas?

A

They can identify pleasant and unpleasant, but arousal from viewing unpleasant photos is greatly reduced.

59
Q

How does Kluver-Bucy syndrom affect monkeys?

A

They are placid and tame, but impaired learning what to fear. Impaired social behaviours because they don’t learn who to approach with caution.

60
Q

What facial expressions cannot be recognised by the woman with Urbach-Wiethe Disease (genetic disorder accumulates calcium in amygdala)?

A

Fear! She doesn’t know what it looks like in people.

61
Q

What do observations regarding SM’s lack of fear expression recognition suggest

A

That the function of the amygdala is not responsible for feeling fear or other emotions, rather responsible for DETECTING EMOTIONAL INFORMATION and DIRECTING ATTENTION TO IT.

62
Q

Which area of the brain is implicated in PTSD and in what way?

A

The Hippocampus (memory). It is smaller.

63
Q

Does PTSD cause smaller hippocampus or does smaller hippocampus lead to higher likelihood of PTSD?

A

Probably both! 2 way street.

64
Q

Does hippocampus size correlate with likelihood of recovery from PTSD?

A

Yes! The larger, the higher the likelihood.

65
Q

Which part of the brain is associated with disgust, secifically?

A

The Insula Gyrus.

66
Q

Which hormone is implicated in PTSD? (has to do with Hippocampal damage and stress)

A

Cortisol.

67
Q

Are people with damage to PTSD are less likely to develop PTSD?

A

Yes! Less likely.

68
Q

Which part of the brain is implicated in FEAR?

A

Basolateral amygdala. Responds extremely quickly to threats, overactive in anxiety disorders.

69
Q

Which part of the brain would respond if you saw something that looks like a snake while walking in the woods?

A

the Basolateral Amygdala.