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Brain, Biology and Behaviour > Week 6 - Vision and Hearing > Flashcards

Week 6 - Vision and Hearing Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does light enter the eye?

A

The pupiil.

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2
Q

What is light focused by when it enters the eye?

A

The Retina (rear surface of the eye) - lined with visual receptors.

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3
Q

Light from the left side of the world strikes the…

A

right side of the retina.

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4
Q

Messages go from the receptor cells to the…

A

bipolar cells.

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5
Q

Bipolar cells send messages to the…

A

ganglion cells.

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6
Q

What is within the retina?

A

rods and cones

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7
Q

What is the fovea for?

A

acute, detailed vision.

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8
Q

How many cones are attached to bipolar cells in the fovea?

A

Just one!

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9
Q

How many rods are attached to bipolar cells in the periphery?

A

many!

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10
Q

Which has better acuity and which as better sensitivity to dim light (fovea vs. periphery)

A

Fovea - acuity

Periphery - dim light

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11
Q

What happens to rods in daylight?

A

They are bleached! and therefor, not useful.

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12
Q

Which are essential for colour vision? Rods or cones?

A

Cones!

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13
Q

Although rods outnumber cones by around 20 to 1, cones provide what percentage of brain’s input?

A

around 90%!

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14
Q

Does each cone in the fovea have its own line to the brain?

A

Yes!

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15
Q

What are photopigments?

A

chemicals that release energy when struck by light

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16
Q

Where are photopigments found?

A

In both rods and cones.

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17
Q

Visible light consists of electromagnetic radiation within the range from less than… to more than…

A

less than 400nm to more than 700nm.

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18
Q

What colour is the shortest visible wavelength?

A

Violet.

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19
Q

What colour is the longest?

A

Red (700nm).

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20
Q

What colour comes after blue (around 475nm)?

A

Green (525nm)!

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21
Q

What colour comes after green?

A

Yellow (575nm)!

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22
Q

What colour comes after yellow?

A

Red!

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23
Q

What is the Trichromatic Theory?

A

We perceive colour through the relative rates of response by three kinds of cones, each one maximally sensitive to a different set of wavelengths.
We discriminate among wavelengths by the ratio of activity across the three types of cones (relative activity).

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24
Q

Which type of cones are more abundant than others?

A

Long and medium wave length cones are more abundant than shortwave cones.

25
Q

What is the opponent-process theory?

A

We perceive colour in terms of opposites. That is, the brain has a mechanism that perceives colour on a continuum from red to gree, another from yellow to blue, and another from white to black.

26
Q

How does the opponent-process theory explain negative colour afterimage?

A

After you stare at one colour in one location long enough, you fatigue that response and swing to the opposite.

27
Q

What evidence is there that opponent-process theory isn’t complete?

A

Afterimages depend on the whole context, not just the light on individual receptors. The cerebral cortex must be responsible, not the bipolar or ganglion cells.

28
Q

What can’t the trichromatic theory explain?

A

Colour constancy.

29
Q

What is colour constancy?

A

the ability to recognise colours despite changes in lighting.

30
Q

Is it true that a certain wavelength of light can appear as a different colour depending on the background?

A

Yes!

31
Q

How do we perceive the brightness of an object?

A

By comparing it to other objects.

32
Q

How do we perceive the brightness of an object?

A

By comparing it to other objects.

33
Q

What is the retinex theory?

A

The CORTEX COMPARES information from various parts of the RETINA to determine the BRIGHTNESS and COLOUR for each area.

34
Q

What theory does that statement pertain to:

“Visual perception requires reasoning and inference, not just retinal stimulation”.

A

Retinex Theory. (Retina -> Cortex).

35
Q

What are receptor cells?

A

They convert physical light (electromagnetic radiation) energy into electric impulses.

36
Q

Are rods or cones found clustered at the fovea?

A

Cones.

37
Q

What are the jobs of bipolar cells, horizontal cells and amacrine cells?

A

BIPOLAR CELLS receive input from the cones, and many feed into the retinal ganglion cells.
HORIZONTAL CELLS link/interconnect rods and cones and bipolar cells, and
AMACRINE CELLS, in turn, link bipolar cells and retinal ganglion cells. There are about 1 million ganglion cells in the eye.

38
Q

What are ganglion cells?

A

Contrast detectors.

39
Q

Does colour perception work on colour addition or colour substraction?

A

Addition! Only 3 colour receptors (red, green, blue). It is the addition of colours that have us perceive up to 16 million.

40
Q

What is the Retinex theory?

A

We see the results of comparisons made across space, allowing us to perceive constancy despite stimulus change.

41
Q

Everything that comes in from the left…

A

will go to the right side of each eye, and will go to the left side of the brain.

42
Q

Right visual field…

A

goes to the left side of the brain.

43
Q

Left visual field…

A

goes to the right side of the brian.

44
Q

What does the Lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus do, regarding visual information?

A

LOOK IT UP!

45
Q

What are magnocellular layers?

A

Receive inputs sensitive to light, even in dark, and detect movement/change. Quick to fatigue/get bored. Achromatic. Fast, quick, big, crude.

46
Q

What are Parvocellular layers?

A

Love details, colour. Not sensitive to light or movement. (PARVO CELLS.)

47
Q

What’s the difference between simple and complex cells/neurons of the primary visual cortex?

A

SIMPLE CELLS generally have lines of excitatory with inhibitory lines beside. Orientation is important.

COMPLEX CELLS respond to movement within an area of the visual field. Less concerned about orientation. (MAGNO CELLS.)

48
Q

Where are simple and complex neurons?

A

The visual cortex in the occipital lobe.

49
Q

Are there cells in the brain that are “basketball detectors” or “pen detectors”?

A

No. Every object is represented by a combination of simple cells that detect features.

50
Q

Ornate difference between simple and complex cells?

A

Cell responds to object only in ONE location = simple cell

Cell responds equally throughout large area = complex cell

51
Q

What causes dark zones around the edges of high contrast objects?

A

Lateral inhibition of receptors.

52
Q

What do cells in the inferior temporal cortex do?

A

Learn to recognise meaningful objects. Initially from the same angle but eventually cells respond almost equally from other viewpoints.

53
Q

What can result from damage to, or poorly developed fusiform gyrus in the temporal lobe?

A

Prosopagnosia.

54
Q

What does visual information sent from the visual cortex to the dorsal (parietal lobe) pathways?

A

Perception for action. “How do I do this?”

55
Q

What does visual information sent from the visual cotex to the ventral (temporal lobe) pathways?

A

Knowledge. It’s slower. “What am I looking at?”

56
Q

If a patient had trouble rotating an envolope to the same orientation as a letterbox UNTIL she was told to “POST” the letter, what damage may she have received?

A

Damage to the ventral stream of visual information. cannot see and make sense of objects, but dorsal (parietal) area is getting information.

57
Q

What is visual object (aperceptive) agnosia resultant from damage to?

A

The fusiform gyrus in the inferior temporal lobe (2nd level visual association cortex - understanding what we see).

58
Q

Does the inferior temporal cortex respond to the object, or to contrast or patterns presented by the retina?

A

The object itself. Clever girl.

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