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Brain, Biology and Behaviour > Week 2 - Neurons > Flashcards

Week 2 - Neurons Flashcards

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1
Q

How many neurons and glia cells?

A

~100 billion

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2
Q

How many more glia cells than neurons?

A

around 10x more glia

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3
Q

What do neurons do?

A

Communicate!

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4
Q

How many interconnections do neurons have with other neurons?

A

Up to 10,000.

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5
Q

How fast can this communication occur between neurons?

A

500hz but 100hz is typical.

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6
Q

What parts of a neuron are the most changeable over time?

A

The Dendrites (spines extending from the soma).

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7
Q

Typically, each DENDRITIC SPINE has what connecting with it?

A

One or more AXON TERMINALS from other neurons.

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8
Q

What does each DENDRITIC SPINE represent?

A

One or more inputs.

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9
Q

What does an APICAL dendrite imply?

A

Towards the APEX.

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10
Q

What does a BASAL dendrite imply?

A

Towards the BASE.

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11
Q

What is the difference between APIC and BASAL dendrites?

A

APICAL is the dendrite pointing upwards from the soma, the BASAL dendrites are those heading East/West.

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12
Q

How do APICAL and BASAL dendrites connect regarding layers?

A

Since layers are a horizontal strata, APICAL dendrites connect ACROSS/BETWEEN layers, BASAL dendrites connect WITHIN layers.

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13
Q

Axons carry what?

A

An electro-chemical impulse.

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14
Q

What defines the difference between a Multipolar, Bipolar and Monopolar neuron?

A

How many projections from the cell body there are.

  • Multipolar may have multiple dendrites and a single axon
  • Monopolar will have a single projection from cell body but that projection may split into 2 axons.
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15
Q

What type of neuron is AFFERENT?

A

Sensory.

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16
Q

What type of neuron is EFFERENT?

A

Motor.

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17
Q

What does AFFERENT mean?

A

It gets INPUT from sensors (sensory, peripheral neuron - outside the nervous system).

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18
Q

What does EFFERENT mean?

A

It OUTPUTS signal to CONTROL muscle fibres, glands etc. (motor, also peripheral neuron)

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19
Q

What is an Interneuron neuron?

A

They are NOT peripheral, they are within nervous system. Only interact with other neurons.

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20
Q

What are ASTROCYTES?

A
  • maintenance (scaffolding)

- waste/dead cells

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21
Q

What do Micro glia do?

A
  • waste
  • viruses
  • serve to supplement immune system in brain
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22
Q

What type of glial cell is most important regarding communication?

A

Myelinating types:

  • Oligodendrocytes - Central nervous system
  • Schwann cells - Peripheral nervous system
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23
Q

If nerve damage occurs, what type of cells can assist with recovery?

A

Schwann cells. They are in the periphery.

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24
Q

What is the surface of a cell called?

A

A membrane (or plasma membrane).

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25
Q

What can and cannot pass through a cell membrane?

A

Most chemicals cannot pass through the membrane.

Protein channels permit a controlled flow of water, oxygen, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride and other important chemicals.

26
Q

Which structure contains the chromasomes?

A

The nucleus.

27
Q

What structure performs metabolic activities, providing the energy that the cell uses for all activities?

A

Mitochondrion.

28
Q

What are the sites within a cell that synthesise new protein molecules?

A

Ribosomes.

29
Q

What is the most distinctive feature of a neuron?

A

Its shape! This varies from one neuron to another.

30
Q

Some neurons lack…

A

…axons and well-defined dendrites.

31
Q

What type of neuron is specialised at one end to be highly sensitive to a particular type of stimulation, such as light or touch?

A

A sensory neuron.

32
Q

What is a dendrite’s surface lined with?

A

Synaptic Receptors. This is where dendrites receive information from other neurons.

33
Q

What do dendritic spines do?

A

Increase the surface area available for synapses.

34
Q

What does the cell body (soma) contain?

A

The Nucleus, ribosomes, and mitochondria. This is where most of a neuron’s metabolic work takes place.

35
Q

What is the thin fibre of constant diameter which conveys an impulse toward other neurons, an organ or a muscle?

A

the Axon.

36
Q

The axon’s length is comparable to the width of a…

A

dendrite.

37
Q

The insulating material coating some axons are called the…

A

myelin sheath.

38
Q

What are the interruptions in the myelin sheath known as?

A

Nodes of Ranvier.

39
Q

A neuron can have only one…

A

Axon, but an axon can have many branches.

40
Q

The end of each branch of an axon has a swelling called…

A

a presynaptic terminal, also known as an “end bulb” or “bouton (french for Button)”.

41
Q

An afferent axon…

A

brings information into a structure.

42
Q

An efferent axon…

A

carries information away from a structure.

43
Q

Every sensory neuron is…

A

an afferent to the rest of the nervous system.

44
Q

Every motor neuron is..

A

an efferent from the nervous system.

45
Q

If a cell’s dendrites and axon are entirely contained within a single structure, the cell is an ….. or ….. of that structure.

A

interneuron or intrinsic neuron of that structure.

46
Q

The shape of a neuron determines its…

A

connections with other cells and thereby determines its function.

47
Q

What is the full title of a Glia?

A

neuroglia.

48
Q

Where do glia outnumber neurons?

A

The cerebral cortex.

49
Q

Where do neurons outnumber glia?

A

The cerebellum.

50
Q

What is an astrocyte (glial cell) and what does it do?

A

It is wrapped around the synapses of functionally related axons. It shields it from chemicals circulating in the surround.

51
Q

Other than shielding, what else do astrocytes do?

A

Takes up ions and transmitters released by axons and releases them back, helping to synchronise closely related neurons, enabling their axons to send messages in WAVES.

52
Q

Astrocytes are important for generating…

A

Rhythms, such as for breathing.

53
Q

What do astrocytes do with blood vessels?

A

They dilate them to bring more nutrients into brain areas that have heightened activity.

54
Q

What system do microglia act as part of?

A

The immune system, removing fungi and viruses from the brain.

55
Q

When do microgrlia proliferate?

A

After brain damage, to remove dead or damages neurons.

56
Q

How do microglia contribute to learning?

A

They remove the weakest synapses.

57
Q

Where are Oligodendrocytes?

A

The brain and spinal cord.

58
Q

Where are Schwann cells?

A

In the periphery of the body.

59
Q

What do Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells do?

A

Build the myelin sheaths that surround and insulate certain vertebrate axons, and supply axons with nutrients necessary for proper functioning.

They support axons.

60
Q

What do Radial glia do during embryonic development?

A

Guide the migration of neurons and their axons and dendrites.

61
Q

What happens to radial glia when embryonic development finishes?

A

Most differentiate into neurons, and a smaller number differentiate into ASTROCYTES and OLIGODENDROCYTES.

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