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Health Psychology PYB303 > Week 8 - drug use and eating > Flashcards

Week 8 - drug use and eating Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the biological factors in smoking? Particularly physchophysiological and genetics?

A 
phychophysiological
- degree of tranquilisation 
- weight loss 
- increase cognitive function 
- increase alertness 
- decrease irritabillity 
these physchophsiological factors decrease overtime 
2. genetics
- genetic predisposition of both starting and maintaining smoking
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2
Q

What are some psychological factors that influence smoking?

A
  1. conditioning - positive reinforcement
  2. motivating factors - weight loss, boredom, habit
  3. personality factors: extroversim and neurotism linked with smoking
  4. mental illness
  5. stress
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3
Q

What are some social factors influencing smoking?

A
  • belonging of social groups - particularly if at uni or at an indivisuals work - if people smoke then you would feel the need to in order to fit in
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4
Q

What is the most common way of quitting smoking?

A

Abrupt cessation - i.e. going cold turkey on smoking

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5
Q

What are some benefits of smoking, immediately, short term and long term?

A
  1. Immediate 12 hrs
    * 12 hrs- The level of carbon monoxide in blood drops dramatically
    * 72 hrs - sense of smell and taste improves
  2. Short term
    * 1 week - lung function / circulation improves
    * 1 month ; coughing and shortness of breath decrease
  3. Long term
    * 1 year: risk of coronary disease decreases by 1/2
    * 5 years: risk of stroke is reduced + +” “ mouth and throat cancer decreases
    * 10 yrs risk of lung cancer death halved
    * 15 years: risk of heart disease is same as someone who has never smoked
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6
Q

What are some pharamalogical interventions?

A
  • Nicotine replacement therapy: gum, patches contain small amounts of nicotine to slowly reduce the amount of nicotine to assist in withdrawal systems
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7
Q

What are some limitations with pharamological interventions?

A

In randomised control trials people only receiving placebo quickly realise that they are not getting any nicotine.

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8
Q

What are some psychological interventions? what type of intervention should psychological interventions be paired with for it to be most effective?

A
  • Talking to people who you respect - GPs, psychologists, physiotherapist etc..
  • Pharamalogical and psychological combined interventions Is best
  • Group therapy
  • Aversion therapy
  • Phone counselling
  • Individual counselling
  • Health professional advice
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9
Q

What are some social interventions?

A

Buddy system - stats show ppl who have someone to do intervention with is more successful

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10
Q

What are some population/pubic health interventions?

A
  1. taxation
  2. plain packaging
  3. advirtisement campagins
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11
Q

What are some predictors in quitting to smoke?

A
  • Past attempts
  • Nicotine dependance
  • Concern for the health effects of smoking
  • Demographics - younger age, white, higher education
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12
Q

What are some predictors in staying smoke free?

A
  • Nicotine dependance
  • Self-efficacy
  • Strong desire to quite
  • Demographics: white, older age, male, higher socioeconomic status
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13
Q

According to studies, what are some self exempting beliefs people hold when they are smoking?

A
  1. personal belief that they had immunity to negative heatlh effects - i.e. bullet proof
  2. refused to seek medical advice and actually believe what doctors say - sceptical
  3. normalising dangers of smoking - ubiquiting dangers of smoking
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14
Q

what percentage of people successfully quit smoking without any support?

A

90%

- 70.22% of this population used abrupt cessation as technique to quit smoking

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15
Q

What is the % of ppl in AUS over 12 yrs of age who consume in risky levels long term?

A

18.2%

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16
Q

what is the definition of heavy episodic drinking? What is the % of people who engage in HEAVY EPISODIC drinking?

A
  • HED is when one consums 5+ standard drinks in any one sitting
  • 26.4%
17
Q

What are some diseases/disorders alcohol consumption is responsible for?

A
  • gastrointestinal disease
  • foetal alcohol syndrome
  • alcohol cerebellar degeneration - when cells in cerebellum destroyed/degenerate due to high levels of OH consumption - cerebellum controls coordination and balance
  • cancer
  • injury
  • cardiovascular disease
18
Q

what are the proposed health benefits to alcohol cosumption

A
  • known as U shaped distribution
  • light-moderate drinking lower risk of developing CVD
  • u shaped distrbution - light drinkers lower risk of morality than non-drinkers
19
Q

What type of drug is alcohol?

A

CNS Depressant - affects physcomotor functioning, mood, behaviour

20
Q

When does BAC (blood alcohol concentration) reach its highest point?

A

45 minutes after drinking

21
Q

What does BAC depend on?

A
  1. muscle/fat ratio
  2. gender
  3. age
  4. time elapsed since last drink
  5. acquired tolerance - people who drink more frequently produce alcohol dehydrogenase - helps metabolise ethanol -> T.F won’t get as intoxicated as easy
22
Q

What are some psychological causes of alcohol dependance in terms of conditioning and social learning theory?

A
  • Conditioning
    • Rapid gradient of reinforcement - decrease in anxiety after consumption, delayed negative and rapid positive effects
  • Social learning theory
    • We learn our drinking patterns through our friends/family/peers
    • Family strongest influence on age of alcohol drinking
    • Friends strongest influence of frequency alcohol drinking
23
Q

What are prevention based alcohol intervention programs? Give examples of some

A
  • Aims to reduce alcohol consumption
  • Taxation
  • Limiting to when they can be sold
  • Drink-drinking laws - .05 is the limit
    • When 0.08 alcohol level reached in blood - chance of getting into accident increases by half
  • Advertising
  • Health promoting campaigns
24
Q

Which out of these types of prevention based alcohol intervention programs is the least effective?

A
  • Health-promoting campaigns
    • Research shows only minimally effective
    • Increase knowledge of OH consumption does not lead to decreased consumption
25
Q

What are some interventions for alcohol consumption?

A
  • Motivational interviewing

* Brief interventions with doctors - doctors considered as authority figures

26
Q

Based on evidence is AA considered to be effective?

A

Based on evidence AA - mixed views i.e. good and bad

27
Q

What is the recommended servings of fruit vegetable, dairy/other, grains, protein?

A 
vege - 4.5 - 5.5 
fruit - 1.5 - 2 
dairy/alternatives - 1.5 - 4 
lean meats/alternatives - 1.5 - 3 
grains - 4- 7
28
Q

What are we consuming instead? Out of age groups, who is the worst at junk food, sugar intake?

A

youth age group consumed most junk foood and exceeded free sugar intake

29
Q

What is BMI?

A
  • body mass index

- gives you an estimate on whether or not your weight is ideal, underweight or overweight

30
Q

What are the values of BMI that indicate someone is underweight, healthy, overweight, obese?

A

underweight - below 18.5
ideal - 18.5 - 24.5
overwight 25-29.9
obsese - 30 and above `

31
Q

What percentage of AUS adults and children are overweight?

A

63.4 % AUS overweight or obese

1 in 4 AUS children overweight or obese

32
Q

Generally has the level of obesity among different age groups across the years increased or decreased?

A
  • overall has increased
33
Q

Has BMI across age groups over the years increased or decreased?

A

overall has increased

34
Q

What are some potential causes of obesity? See s.45

A
  • Evolution - advanatgeous to store fat back then
  • Genetics
    • However this doesn’t explain dramatic increase in obesity rates
    • i.e. just because you have larger fat cells, doesn’t mean you will be obese
  • Energy balance theory - more calories consumed than energy expenditure
  • Obsegenic environment - modern society dominated by processed foods, advertising
  • Culture/social norms - different practises of eating/notions of ideal body shape/weight
  • Psychological factors
    • Conditioning and social learning: we learn very young from our parents - imitate them
  • Emotion - stressed when eat / stressed I don’t eat -> t.f. inconstant
  • Personality: extroversion, impulsivity, neuroticism more higher BMI
  • Depression
35
Q

What type of intervention Is dietary guidelines? What are the different pathways of influence from this type of intervention?

A
  • Population level intervention
  • Multiple pathways of influence
    • Social norms change - changing normative behaviour
  • Individuals influence
    • increase awareness,
    • perceived social norms in individuals -> not just real social norms but what they perceive are social norms
36
Q

What are behavioural intervention strategies for eating based on?

A
  • based on energy based theory -> T.F exercise and nutrition
37
Q

what are some limitations of behavioural interventions?

A
  • Adherence is usually low
  • Attrition high
  • Long term follow up of patients show they re-gain or gain more than they originally started as
    • Due to short term interventions -> only give short term effects (YOYO diet)
    • Availability of processed foods affects their ability to eat well consistently
38
Q

What are some self monitoring, environment, thinking patterns, self efficacy and social support approaches used in behavioural interventions to improve eating patterns?

A

self-monitoring: keep track of food intake by taking daily record, gradually reduce amount of processed foods etc
enviornment: change eating habits permenantly, eating out less often, increase PA by more low energy foods, cooking at home, walk 5 days a week
thinking patterns: plan ahead for high risk times by using self monitoring and decide on an alternative (if X happens, i willl do Y)
self-efficacy: be okay with difficult times and focus on sucess by expecting to learn from setbacks
social support: family by enlisting family members - get everyone to eat healthy

39
Q

what is an example of a eating program aimed at children that is seen as the most successful?

A
  • bright bodies program
  • developed by yale university
  • Brought together 209 randomly assigned culturally diverse obese children
  • Intervention group and control group
  • Invention group got bright bodies invention that included exercise advice and practice nutrition and behavioural modification strategies
  • control group only had councelling every 6 months
    results: intervention group had weight drop immidiately after intervention and post intervention 12 months after

Health Psychology PYB303 (10 decks)

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