Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Health Psychology PYB303 > week 12 - Chronic Illnesses > Flashcards

week 12 - Chronic Illnesses Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Are women or men more likely to be at risk of developing cancer before 85 yrs?

A
  • men more likley - 1 in 2

- women less likely - 1 in 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Is survival rate increasing or decreasing for cancer? how many poeple were reported to survive cancer in 2014?

A

increasing

850,000 cancer ‘survivors’ reported in 2014

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the leading cause of death in AUS? how many peopele died from this cause in 2014?

A
  • Cardiovascular disease - 44,000 ppl died in 2014

* Cardiovascular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the prevalence of CVD in AUS?

A

22% of people aged 18 +

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the prevalence of chronic kidney disease CKD? More or less than CVD?

A
  • CKD less than CVD

* 10% of 18+ yrs show signs of CKD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is burden of disease measured in AUS? i.e. how do we measure how much chronic diseases affect an individuals life?

A
  • DALYS - disability adjusted life years

* DALYS (healthy life years lost) = years lost from premature death + years lived with ill health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where does most of the burden come from? I.e. DALYS. How much do these chronic diseases account for the total burden? (%)

A
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Cancer
  • Mental and substnace use disorders
  • Musculoskeletal conditions and injuries
  • All together = 66% total burden
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Can some of the burden be prevented? If so, what % of it can be prevented?

A
  • At LEAST 31% can be prevented

* Smoking, weight, alcohol, exercise, blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What two diseases carry the MOST burden?

A
  • CVD and cancer
  • Cancer is most burden
  • CVD second most burden
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some behavioural determinants to chronic illness? Slide 9

A
  • Tabacco smoking
  • Physical Inactivity
  • Risky OH consumptioon
  • Poor diet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some biomedical determinants of chronic diseases?

A
  • Obesity
  • Hypertension
  • High blood fats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the behavioural and biomedical determinant that is mostly associated with high risk of chronic diseases?

A
  • Tobacco smoking

* Biomedical is obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Does chronic illness just impact an individual physically? How else might it impact someone?

A
  • Can impact them physically, psychologically and socially

* Quality of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some symptoms associated with chronic illness?

A
  • Anxiety
  • fatigue
  • Depression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some common requirements of having a chronic disease ?q

A
  • Continual treatment - cancer treatments requires patients to come to treatment every 2nd day etc.
  • Life threat
  • Ongoing symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Do majority of people with chronic disease live a high quality or low quality life? When is it more likely for individuals to live high quality life?

A
  • Majority of ppl with chronic disease live a HIGH quality life AFTER diagnosis and treatment
  • High quality of life more likely - free from pain and not advanced disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a common way of dealing with chronic illness (CI)? Is this beneficial or not beneficial?

A
  • Denial
    • Act as though condition is not as serious as it really is
  • beneficial AFTER diagnosis - it gives the individual the opportunity for progressively adjust to their illness
  • NOT beneficial if denial persists and can actually interfere with depression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Does anxiety have bad or good effects for people with CI? When is anxiety most common with people having CI?

A
  • Bad effects - interferes with coping and treatment
  • Waiting for test results
  • Following diagnosis
  • Awaiting treatment
  • Anticipating side effects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Is the onset of depression earlier or later than anxiety or denial?

A
  • Tends to occur later
  • Occurs intermittently - depends on what stage they are in terms of treatment/stage of illness
  • When condition is more serious
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does depression interfere in terms of treatment?

A

Might actually decreases individuals ability to engage in treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is the assessment of depression difficult?

A

Symptoms associated with depression - weight loss, fatigue, sleeplessness might be either from DEPRESSION or from the treatment of the condition itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the illness model? How can it affect individual?

A
  • When individuals have acute model to CI - can be very detrimental
    • “I feel okay so I must be getting better”
    • Problem when individuals see reduction in symptoms as a cure when in reality there is no cure to the CI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are 2 other common beleifs/models associated with individuals with CI?

A
  • Self-blame
  • Perceived controlability - generally adaptive
    • ONLY adaptive if the actual perceived controlability translates to actual level of controlability
24
Q

Why is psychotherapy used to treat CI different to mental illness?

A
  • Episodic rather than continuous
  • Works well it if it aligned with the episodic nature of that depression
    • e.g. if you have CLINICAL depression - might go to therapy 2x week continuously
    • e.g if you have CHRONIC ILLNESS DEPRESSION - might only go for 2 or 3 sessions TOTAL
      • Feelings of depression from the phase of the treatment etc.
  • i.e. psychotherapy for CI works well when it is aligned with the specific phase of the treatment/illness individual is going through
25
Q

is a chronically ill person who is experiencing depression different to mentally ill depression?

A
  • yes because depression from chronic diseases is more episodic and changes depending on the specific stages that person is in
  • clinically ill depresison - is more continous
26
Q

What are the negative effects of individuals with CI who go to social support?

A
  • Social interventions associated with longevity, functioning
  • HOWEVER can be threatened by chronic illness -> i.e. when someone becomes diagnosed with cancer - they no longer go to their social support groups -> can significantly effect the individual in a negative way
27
Q

Are support groups good for individuals with CI? specifically what does it improve within a indivisual?

A
  • Helps individual with CI by
    • Adjusrting to their decline in having social support - talking to people who has gone through the same situation is beneficial
    • Coping with stigma
    • Increasing adherence to treatment and rehabilitation
28
Q

Are support groups accessed by different kinds of population groups or just specific ones?

A
  • Mostly only accessed by well educated high SES white women
  • These people are the most supported out of all population groups -> T.F they dont need social supoport grousp as much as other low SES groups
29
Q

How is terminology a problem in terms of talking about cancer?

A
  • Within “cancer” there are over 100 different (but related) diseases
  • Characterised all by abnormal division of cells
  • Depending on cancer - operates differently and have different risk factors
    • Age
    • smoking
    • Sun exposure
    • Radiation
    • Particular chemicals (asbestos chemical can contribute to lung cancer)
    • Some bacteria ( helicobacter pylori)
    • Some viruses (human papillomavarius)
    • Alcohol
    • Diet/phsycial activity
30
Q

What are the types of treatment available for cancer?

A
  • surgery
  • radiation
  • chemotherapy
  • Biological therapies/immunotherapy - where individuals immune system is enhanced by stimulating the immune system to work harder at attacking/killing cancer cells
    • Can also be done by inserting man-made immune system components (immune system proteins) to help attack cancer cells
    • Was initially used just for melanoma but now used for cancer
  • Transplant - bone marrow
31
Q

What is a common distressing symptom that cancer patients usually experience?

A
  • Pain
  • Usually very apparent during times of diagnosis, relapse and advanced stages
  • See Kayes story - slide 22
32
Q

Does radiotherapy treatment have a psychosocial impact on individuals?

A
  • Studies shown there is psychosocial decline before, during and after RT
  • Most psychosocial decline during the RT
33
Q

Specially what emotions are experienced before and after RT?

A
  • Anxiety experienced before RT

* Depression experienced AFTER

34
Q

Approximately what % of advanced cancer patients experience psychiatric disorders?

A
  • Almost 50%
  • Adjustment disorders and major depression
  • Adjustment disorder: a group of symptoms such as stress
35
Q

Is there strong evidence towards positive thinking having a relationship to a stronger immune response?

A

Little to no evidence of the power of positive thinking

36
Q

What are some Psychological invterventions for cancer? What are the 4 main categories?

A
  1. Support groups
  2. Behavioursl
    1. Relaxation
  3. Educational
  4. Psychotherapy
37
Q

What is CHD?

A

CHD is when coronary arteries get narrowed down due to atheroma build up (fatty material)

38
Q

What is the consequence of CHD - i.e. what is myocardial infarction and angina pectoris?

A
  • Myocardial infarction - AKA heart attack
    • Occurs when the arteries get clogged up and the heart is starved of oxygen
  • Angina pectoris
    • Chest pain
    • Insufficient oxygen reaching the heart - usually occurs during exercise
39
Q

What are some of the known risk factors associated with CHD?

A
  • Age
  • Family history
  • Gender - male more likely
  • High OH consumption
  • Physical inactivity
  • Weight
  • High blood cholesterol
  • High blood pressure
  • Diabetes mellitus
40
Q

What are some potential risk factors in developing CHD?

A
  • Type D personality
    • Evidence not so strong
  • Depression - more evidence is needed
41
Q

Treatment for CHD?

A
  • Long term medication use

* Lifestyle modifications (psychosocial interventions)

42
Q

What habits do psychosocial interventions for CHD focus on?

A
  • Eating a healthy diet
    • Low levels of OH consumption
  • Engaging in PA
  • Managing stress
  • Quitting smoking
43
Q

What is the emotional impact of CHD?

A
  • Ppl with CHD more likely to have depression than general population
  • Depression actually results in worse outcomes for CHD people
44
Q

Why are patients with CHD who have depression more likely to experience a heart attack?

A
  • Poor psychological adjustment - self esteem, optimism, mastery -> heart attack likely
  • This predicts likelihood of MI (heart attack) occurance
45
Q

Is having little or no social support effect people with CHD ? What is this risk equivalent to?

A
  • Low lvls social support equivalent to other risk factors
    • High cholesterol levels
    • smoking
    • Hypertension
  • 2-3 x likely to die from CHD if very isolated and no social support groups
46
Q

In terms of demographic, which group is most at risk when having CHD?

A
  • Men are most at risk
  • Less likely to have good social support networks than women
    • Within. Relationship, women are most likely social secretory
    • If when women dies - husband looses all the social support networks
47
Q

What are some psychological interventions in treating CHD patients?

A
  • Guidance on behaviour change
  • Self swareness and self monitoring techniques
  • Cognitive reconstructing techniques
  • Client lef discussion/social support
  • all have proven to have small - moderate improvements in depression and anxiety
48
Q

What is diabetes?

A

Characterised by hyperglycaemia - (excessive glucose levels in the bloodstream)

49
Q

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A
  • Type 1: destruction of pancreatic cells - not enough insulin in body
    • Autoimmune destruction of cells in pancreas
    • AKA childhood diabetes
  • Type 2: progress diabetes - develops as you age
    • Pancreas produces some but not enough insulin - overtime this can decline
    • Inability
    • Also may be a result of insulin resistance - resistance to hormone insulin - resulting in increase blood sugar
50
Q

Why is type 2 diabetes more strongly focussed on than type 1 diabetes in health psychology?

A

Type 2 diabetes has a much stronger behavioural component than type 1

51
Q

What are the top 3 ways to manage diabetes?

A
  1. Diet
    1. Manage glucose levels
    2. Maintain healthy weight
  2. Exercise
    1. Help insulin levels in body work better
  3. Monitoring blood glucose levels
    1. Helps determine whether management system is actually effective
52
Q

What is a major problem seen within diabetes? What are the contributing factors?

A
  • Non-compliance is a major issue
  • Contributing factors are:
    1. Health literacy
    2. Asymptomatic nature of condition - might not recognise the consequences to the disease as they may be no symptoms associated to it
    3. Stigma - blood testing in public
    1. Because its the individuals own fault of developing disease there is a lot of stigma behind it
      1. Social support
      2. Self-efficacy
53
Q

What is the emotional impact of type 2 diabetes?

A
  • 60% people with diabetes more likely experience depression than average pop.
    • Ppl wiht depression -> less self-efficacy - i.e. little or no believe that they can adhere to this new lifestyle
  • Cycle of despair
    • Feels of deppression due to failure in ability to adhere to lifestyle changes
    • When depressed - > less likely to adhere to lifestyle changes
    • Conditions worsens - snowball effect
54
Q

Are psychosocial/behavioural interventions effecting in treating type 2 diabetes patients?

A
  • Both psychosocial (CBT) and edicational interventions effective in treating diabetes
  • Very effective in that it has proven to reduce risk of illness progression
55
Q

When are these psychosocial/educational interventions most effective?

A
  • Most effective when applied before diagnosis
    • This is because when dealt with during early stages of illness trajectory -> much more likely to change
    • Because type 2 diabetes is progressive, the longer indiviausl leave it the less likely you will be in an environment where interventions will work -> more medication is needed down the track T.F lifestyle medications interventions don’t have a strong impact
  • Interventions T.F decrease effectiveness overtime

Health Psychology PYB303 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions