week 3 - health belief model

Question 1

what is the health belief model?

Answer 1

• Behaviour depends on two key beliefs
  1. Threat perception
  
  1. Perceived susceptibility to illness
  2. Perceived severity of consumes of illness
     
     2. Behavioural evaluation (i.e. effectiveness of action)
  3. Benefits of a health behaviour
  4. Barriers to performing the health behaviour

Question 2

Health belief model: what influences ones perception of risk?

Answer 2

Age, sex, personality

Question 3

what are the 3 clusters of components included in the HBM?

Answer 3

1. demographic and psychological: (class gender age) (personality, peer group pressure)
2. perceptions and motivations - (percieved susceptibility, perceived severity) (perceived benefits, perceived barriers)
3. cues to action

Question 4

accoridng to research what compoents of the HBM should interventions/campaigns/education programs focus on to improve peoples behaviours?

Answer 4

• findings show that focussing on perceevd barriers, encouraging benefits rather than percieved threat (threat campaigns) will be more effective

Question 5

what are some limitations of the HBM?

Answer 5

1. Strong emphasis on individual agencies - you being able to sort through your own thoughts
   - > i.e. focus on the influence of social cognitism
   - > does not focus on social structural factors
2. Assumes people constantly process information
   
   • People always weighing out perceived benefits against perceived barriers
3. Missing factors - outcome expectancy - how do you rate the benefits of the outcome?
   
   • i.e. do you think that finding a lump will be a good thing or will it just freak you out?

Question 6

what is protection motivation theory

Answer 6

similar to the health beleif model
focusses on fear appeals
weighs up indivisuals threat appraisal vs their coping appraisal

Question 7

what components make up an indivisuals coping and threat appraisal?

Answer 7

1. Threat appraisal
   * Instrinsic: reward that is directly from the person performing the action
   
   • e.g. feeling relaxed/better after you smoke
     * Extrinsic: rewards that originate from something beyond the person
   • e.g. if you smoke, you are automatically invited to the “group” that smokes -> feeling of belonging/acceptance
     * Severity: how bad would it be if I develop lung cancer
     * Vulnerability: I only have X numbers of smokes a day -> T.F I will be fine
2. Coping appraisal
   * Response efficacy: how much if you do this behaviour that it will reduce negative health outcome?
   
   • How much will the risk of developing lung cancer decrease if I stop smoking?
   • Theres a direct relationship between smoking and cancer -> T>F I I stop ii will greatly reduce the likelihood of smoking
     * Self-efficacy: individuals perception of ability to do the behaviour Can I actually do it? Can I give up smoking?
     * Reposnse costs: IF I actually do stop the negative behaviour, are there any response costs?
   • If I quit smoking, will the group I usually smoke with hate me?

Question 8

based on studies what components are most signficant influencers on an indivisuals health behaviour? How should public education change to have a more successful outcome?

Answer 8

1. self efficacy in coping appraisal component

public education programs should focus LESS on threat appraisal and focus more on coping appraisal (esp. self-efficacy)

Question 9

What are the limitations for PMT?

Answer 9

• Largely ignores social/structural factors

* Assumes conscious information processing: only processed information if from oneself

Question 10

what is the basis of TORA and TPB?

Answer 10

• Combines information about threat and coping
• Fishbein and ajzen developed TORA
• Ajzen built on from TORA and developed TOPB

Question 11

According to TORA what is the relationship between attitudes and behaviour?

Answer 11

attitudes leads to the intention of behaviour -> behaviour

- attitudes is not enough to predict behaviour

Question 12

What is the principle of compatibility in TORA?

Answer 12

• must level constructs at the same level of specificity

- use the TACT method - time, action, context and target

Question 13

According to TORA What are the two predictors of intentions?

Answer 13

• two predictors of intentions are
  1. attitudes - attitudes towards performing the behaviour
  2. subjective norm - how significant others think of you performing the behaviour (i.e. will my family be happy/proud of me if i quit smoking?)

Question 14

What are the two predictors (subjective norms and attitudes) made up of?

Answer 14

• Subjective norm: normative beliefs + motivation to comply
  
  • Normative beliefs: what I think others would want or expect me to do
  • Motivation to comply: how important is it for me to do what others expect
• Attitudes: behavioural beliefs + evaluation of the outcome
  
  • Behavioural beliefs: out beliefs about the outcome of the behaviour (how likely is it that I can perform this behaviour)
  • Evaluation of the outcome: our evaluation of the potential outcome

Question 15

How is TORA and TOPB similar and different to the HBM/PMT?

Answer 15

• Similar
  
  • Both assume that intentions -> behaviour
  • Changing cognition -> change behaviour
• Different
  
  • TORA and TOPB consider social constructs -> subjective norms
  • Intention of behaviour is proximal determinant of health behaviour

Question 16

What is the difference between TORA and TOPB?

Answer 16

TOPB: TORA + perceived behavioural control

Question 17

What is PBC made up of?

Answer 17

1. Perceived control : control over performing the behaviour - i.e. its up to me whether I perform the behaviour
2. Self efficacy: ease/difficulty in performing the behaviour -> Do I think I can actually perform the behaviour

Question 18

What is the PWM?

Answer 18

• Overlap with TOPB AND TORA
• Also focusses unplanned/spontaneous behaviour
• Talks about people not usually having the intention to do bad behaviour BUT the WILLINGNESS to do something results in the behaviour

Question 19

What is the difference between willingness and intention?

Answer 19

• Willingness refers to the fact that although the inidivsual knows that the behaviour is bad and may have good intentions - they are too tempted to steer away from it
• Willingness is formed from the social reaction pathway of prototypes

Question 20

what is an indivisuals willingness formed from?

Answer 20

PROTYPES - 2 forms of protypes are:

• Images of people: what would the image be of a person who takes weed - they perceived as cool, chilled out, population
• Favourability and similarity: how favourable do you feel towards drug taking and how similar do you feel towards the drug taker

Question 21

What does it mean by the dual process approach of PWM?

Answer 21

• Takes a dual process approach
  
  • Reasoned pathway: involving analytic processes - attitude, subjective norm, intention leads to behaviour (like TORA and TOPB)
  • Social reaction pathway:
    
    • more heuristic processing: protypes someone has (images of performers/non-performers - what would a person taking drugs be like? They would be cool, etc..)
    • the willingness leads to behaviour : gives people a scenario which further persuades them to say yes/no

Question 22

What does the prototype willingness model look like?

Answer 22

Exactly the same as TORA but they have added in Prototypes which predict behavioural willingness which then influences behaviour

Question 23

What are some behaviours that can be well explained from the prototype willingness model?

Answer 23

risk taking behaviours

1. smoking
2. unprotected sex
3. binge drinking
4. drug taking

Question 24

what is the HAPA?

Answer 24

• Emphasises on planning and self efficacy coping
  
  • How are you going to exercise the 300 minutes you intent on doing?
  • When are you going to do it?
  • What will you do when you friend decides to not go along with the plan? What if the whether becomes bad
• Doesn’t just include self efficacy that influences intention but also self-efficacy that influences behaviour POST intention
  
  • Maintenance and recovery self efficacy (from action planning)
• Action Planning and coping planning is between intention and behaviour

Question 25

What two post-intentional processes does HAPA focus on?

Answer 25

1. Planning: action (detailed plans about HOW to execute behaviour - when, where, whom) + coping (anticipation of obstacles and how to overcome them)
2. Self-effiacy: maintenance (ability to cope with barriers) and recovery (recovery from setbacks) self efficacy

Question 26

What behaviours are well explained from this model?

Answer 26

behaviours in which people have great intentions in performing but just cannot quite get there.

Question 27

LIMITATIONS OF ALL SOCIAL COGNITION MODELS?

Answer 27

• All rely upon self-report data - can have potential responses as social desirability bias
• Emphasis on individual agency - i.ie by focusing and cementing my thoughts and behaviour - that wil;
• Thought that individuals conscious thoughts completely determines behaviour and social/structural factors less important
  
  • e.g. if you live in outback it may be impossible to eat 5 and 2 serves of veggies and fruit a day for you and the whole community
• Lack of consistency in measurement of constructs within a given model (no definitive guide)
• Tests of the ACTUAL model are rare - people add things into models to fit their specific study
• Predictive power of the models is often poor
  
  • Good at predicting intentions but poor at predicting behaviour