week 8- Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
- Which of the following is a function of the digestive system?
A) Cellular respiration B) food selection C) elimination of undigested food D) regulation of blood pH E) integration and coordination of other symptoms
A
- C) elimination of undigested food.
2
Q
7. Which of the following organs is part of the digestive tract or alimentary canal? A) salivary gland B) liver C) gallbladder D) stomach E) pancreas
A
- D) stomach
3
Q
- The muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is
A) skeletal muscle throughout the tract, especially in the large intestine.
B) the layer of the digestive tract wall that contains capillaries.
C) in direct contact with the food that is consumed.
D) composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibres and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibres.
E) connective tissue and the peritoneum.
A
- D) composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibres and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibres.
4
Q
- The enteric plexus
A) is found in the mucosa
B) consists of the myenteric plexus and the celiac plexus.
C) contains symphatic neurons and fibres.
D) controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract.
E) is a valve in the GI tract.
A
- D) controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract.
5
Q
10. Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with the food consumed? A) mucosa B) muscularis C) submucosa D) serosa E) peritoneum
A
- A) mucosa
6
Q
- Which of the following is correctly matched?
A) mucosa- controls peristalsis
B) serosa- contains an extensive supply of nerves and blood vessels
C) submucosa- lamina propria
D) serosa- increased surface area
E) muscularis- responsible for peristalsis
A
- E) muscularis- responsible for peristalsis
7
Q
12. The myenteric plexus is found in the \_\_\_\_\_\_ of the digestive tract wall. A) mucosa B) serosa C) submucosa D) muscularis externa E) adventitia
A
- D) muscularis externa
8
Q
- Beginning at the lumen, the sequence of layers of the digestive tract wall is
A) submucosa, mucosa, serous membrane, muscularis.
B) muscularis, lamina propria, submucosa, mucosa.
C) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.
D) peritoneum, submucosa, mucosa, lamina propria.
E) submucosa, mucosa, adventitia, muscularis.
A
- C) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.
9
Q
- Secretions that are added as food moves through the GI tract assist in
A) liquefying and digesting the food.
B) vitamin A and D production and storage.
C) distribution of nutrients throughout the body.
D) insulin production
E) bile production
A
- A) liquefying and digesting the food.
10
Q
- Arrange the following processes in proper sequence:
- digestion
- elimination
- ingestion
- absorption.
A) 3, 4, 2, 1.
B) 1, 4, 3, 2.
C) 4, 1, 2, 3.
D) 3, 4, 1, 2.
E) 3, 1, 4, 2.
A
- E) 3, 1, 4, 2.
11
Q
16. Which of the following occurs in the large intestine? A) chemical digestion B) mass movements C) mastication D) mixing waves E) neutralization
A
- B) mass movements
12
Q
- Diffusion and active transport are likely to be important in
A) mastication of food
B) absorption of food
C) elimination of undigested food.
D) propulsion of food through the digestive tract.
E) mixing of food.
A
- B) absorption of food
13
Q
18. The epiglottis covers the opening into the larynx during A) the voluntary phase of swallowing B) the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. C) the oesophageal phase of swallowing. D) the gastric phase of swallowing. E) the oral phase of swallowing.
A
- B) the pharyngeal phase of swallowing.
14
Q
19. The abdominal cavity is lined with A) the omental bursa. B) mesenteries C) the greater omentum D) parietal peritonium E) superficial fascia
A
- D) parietal peritonium
15
Q
- Saliva
A) is produced only when there is food in the mouth
B) increases ulceration in the mouth
C) is responsible for peristalsis in the mouth.
D) moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth.
E) does not prevent bacterial infection in the mouth
A
- D) moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth.
16
Q
- The oral cavity
A) opens into the nasopharynx
B) directly connects with the oesophagus.
C) contains the parotid salivary glands.
D) has boundaries that include the lips, palate and cheeks.
E) is lined with cuboidal epithelium.
A
- D) has boundaries that include the lips, palate and cheeks.
17
Q
22. The lips, cheek and tongue all aid in A) speech and swallowing. B) mastication and speech. C) mastication and swallowing. D) mastication and sense of taste. E) deglutition and peristalsis.
A
- B) mastication and speech.
18
Q
23. The tongue A) secretes saliva. B) plays a major role in swallowing. C) contains a lot of connective and lymphatic tissues. D) is attached to the hard palate. E) functions in deglutition apnoea.
A
- B) plays a major role in swallowing
19
Q
24. Which of the following is associated with the tongue? A) uvula B) constrictor muscles. C) papillae and taste buds. D) periodontal ligament E) fauces
A
- C) papillae and taste buds
20
Q
25. Lipid-soluble drugs placed under the tongue A) are more easily swallowed. B) can be detected by taste buds. C) are quickly dissolved and absorbed. D) are then easy to chew. E) are not readily absorbed.
A
- C) are quickly dissolved and absorbed.
21
Q
26. Food is prevented from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing by the A) epiglottis. B) palatine tonsils C) tongue. D) soft palate. E) hard palate.
A
- D) soft palate.
22
Q
27. The salivary glands that open into the oral cavity beside the frenulum of the tongue are the A) parotid glands. B) sublingual glands C) buccal glands. D) labial glands. E) lacrimal glands.
A
- B) sublingual glands
23
Q
28. The salivary glands located just anterior to the ear are the A) parotid glands. B) submandibular glands C) buccal glands D) labial glands. E) sublingual glands.
A
- A) parotid glands.
24
Q
- The digestive functions performed by saliva and salivary amylase respectively are
A) flushing and protein digestion.
B) swallowing and fat digestion.
C) peristalsis and polysaccharide digestion
D) moistening and starch digestion.
E) none of the above
A
- D) moistening and starch digestion.
25
```
30. Salivary gland secretion is primarily controlled by the
A) facial and glossopharyngeal nerves.
B) vagus nerve.
C) taste centres of the medulla.
D) intercostal nerves.
E) trigeminal nerve
```
* A) facial and glossopharyngeal nerves.
26
31. Mastication
A) increases the surface area of food particles.
B) decreases the efficiency of digestion
C) occurs in both the mouth and the stomach
D) is never under voluntary control.
E) decreases the surface area of food particles.
* A) increases the surface area of food particles.
27
32. Which of the following statements regarding swallowing is true?
A) The voluntary phase begins in the pharynx.
B) In the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx.
C) The uvula rises during the oesophageal phase.
D) Peristalsis occurs in all phases of swallowing.
E) Breathing occurs during swallowing.
* B) In the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx.
28
33. Which of the following might happen if a person begins laughing while swallowing a liquid?
A) laryngeal constriction forcing liquid through the pharynx.
B) relaxation of the soft palate allowing liquid to enter the nasal cavity.
C) the tongue might be swallowed.
D) nothing- swallowing will be normal.
E) peristalsis will not begin.
* B) relaxation of the soft palate allowing liquid to enter the nasal cavity.
29
```
34. The portion of the digestive tract that receives food directly from the oral cavity is the
A) nasopharynx
B) oropharynx
C) laryngopharynx.
D) oesophagus
E) larynx
```
* B) oropharynx
30
35. The oesophagus
A) extends from the fauces to the stomach.
B) has cartilage in its walls to keep it from collapsing.
C) produces two enzyme that digest proteins.
D) has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food.
E) has thin walls of connective tissue.
* D) has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food.
31
36. Which of the following cell types is correctly matched with its function?
A) mucous cells- produce intrinsic factor
B) parietal cells- produce hydrochloric acid.
C) chief cells- produce mucous.
D) endocrine cells- produce enzymes.
E) chief cells- produce hormones.
* B) parietal cells- produce hydrochloric acid.
32
37. Which of the following regions of the stomach is correctly matched with its description?
A) body- portion closest to the oesophagus
B) pylorus- the most inferior portion of the stomach.
C) fundus- opening from the stomach into the duodenum.
D) cardiac region- the largest portion of the stomach
E) pyloric opening- opening from the oesophagus.
* B) pylorus- the most inferior portion of the stomach.
33
38. Reflux of gastric contents into the oesophagus occurs because of
A) relaxation of the cardiac sphincter.
B) contraction of the pyloric sphincter.
C) spasms of the submucosal layer of the stomach wall.
D) increased hydrochloric acid production by the perietal cells
E) increased amounts of mucous produced by the stomach.
* A) relaxation of the cardiac sphincter.
34
39. Inability of the pyloric sphincter to open would prevent
A) food from entering the stomach.
B) stomach acid from being released.
C) digestive enzymes from being released.
D) food from entering the small intestine.
E) the making of chyme.
*D) food from entering the small intestine.
35
```
40. Which of the following are secreted by the stomach?
A) amylase and lipase
B) pepsinogen and intrinsic factor
C) bile and lipase
D) trypsin and amylase
E) bicarbonate and secretin
```
*B) pepsinogen and intrinsic factor
36
41. Which of the following represents a mismatch in stomach wall structure?
A) muscularis - two layers; both circular
B) rugae - folds of mucosa and submucosa
C) mucosa - gastric glands
D) gastric pits - open onto surface of stomach mucosa
E) lining - simple columnar epithelium
*A) muscularis - two layers; both circular
37
42. Why doesn't the stomach digest itself?
A) The stomach wall lacks proteins so enzymes won't attack it.
B) The digestive enzymes in the stomach aren't efficient enough.
C) The stomach lining is too tough to be digested.
D) The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus.
E) The stomach is protected by HCl.
*D) The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus.
38
43. Intrinsic factor
A) increases gastric motility.
B) causes the release of stomach acid.
C) facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12.
D) protects the stomach lining from the effects of stomach acid.
E) stimulates the synthesis of DNA.
*C) facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12.
39
44. Which of the following events occurs because of the low pH of the stomach?
A) activation of salivary amylase
B) enhanced carbohydrate digestion
C) proper environment for functioning of pepsin
D) protein synthesis
E) lipid digestion
*C) proper environment for functioning of pepsin
40
45. The formation of HCl in the stomach involves the
A) active transport of hydrogen ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach.
B) exchange of sodium ions for hydrogen ions in the transport process.
C) active transport of chloride ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach.
D) exchange of sodium and bicarbonate ions.
E) the combination of carbon dioxide and water.
* A) active transport of hydrogen ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach.
41
46. Assume we could alter the conditions in the duodenum. If we inserted a large volume of highly acidic chyme which contained a large amount of fat, which of the following responses are consistent with that?
1. decreased gastric acid secretion
2. increased bile production
3. increased pancreatic bicarbonate production and pancreatic enzyme secretion
4. increased secretin and cholecystokinin
A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 1, 2, 3
C) 2, 3, 4
D) 1, 3, 4
E) 1, 2, 4
* A) 1, 2, 3, 4
42
47. Pepsinogen
A) is secreted by parietal cells.
B) is activated by salivary amylase in swallowed food.
C) is packaged in zymogen granules.
D) operates optimally at a pH of 5 or more.
E) helps to form peptide bonds.
*C) is packaged in zymogen granules.
43
```
48. Anticipation of eating food causes an increase in secretion of gastric juice. This phase of gastric secretion is called the _____ phase.
A) cephalic
B) gastric
C) intestinal
D) pancreatic
E) conscious
```
*A) cephalic
44
49. The gastric phase of gastric secretion
A) decreases the release of gastrin in the stomach.
B) is triggered by taste, sight, thought, or smell of food.
C) is mediated by impulses on sympathetic nerves.
D) leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion.
E) leads to the least volume of gastric secretion.
*D) leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion.
45
50. The distention of the stomach by food is the primary stimulus to begin the
A) cephalic phase of gastric secretion.
B) gastric phase of gastric secretion.
C) intestinal phase of gastric secretion.
D) cystic phase of gastric secretion.
E) hepatic phase of gastric secretion.
* B) gastric phase of gastric secretion.
46
51. The intestinal phase of gastric secretion
A) is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum.
B) leads to increased gastric secretion if duodenal pH falls below 2.
C) only stimulates gastric secretion.
D) will decrease gastric secretion when gastrin is released by the duodenum.
E) is controlled by the entrance of alkaline material into the small intestines.
*A) is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum.
47
```
52. Food in the stomach is squeezed and mixed with gastric juices, forming a semiliquid called
A) bolusin.
B) chyme.
C) bile.
D) phlegm.
E) feces.
```
*B) chyme.
48
53. The pyloric pump
A) mixes stomach contents for digestion.
B) causes hunger contractions.
C) moves chyme through a partially closed pyloric opening.
D) causes rugae to flatten.
E) opens the pyloric sphincter completely.
*C) moves chyme through a partially closed pyloric opening.
49
```
54. Duodenal gland secretion prevents
A) digestive enzyme release.
B) release of bile from the liver.
C) irritation of the duodenal mucosa by acidic chyme and digestive enzymes.
D) the release of insulin.
E) peristalsis.
```
*C) irritation of the duodenal mucosa by acidic chyme and digestive enzymes.
50
```
55. Enzymes secreted by the small intestine include
A) disaccharidases.
B) secretin.
C) cholecystokinin.
D) bile.
E) histamine.
```
*A) disaccharidases.
51
56. The villi, microvilli and plicae circularis function to
A) liberate hormones.
B) promote peristalsis.
C) produce bile.
D) increase surface area for absorption.
E) stimulate chemical digestion.
*D) increase surface area for absorption.
52
57. The hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed by the union of the
A) pancreatic duct with the lacteals.
B) greater duodenal papilla with the lesser duodenal papilla.
C) common bile duct and pancreatic duct.
D) cystic duct and interlobular duct.
E) hepatic ducts and cystic ducts.
*C) common bile duct and pancreatic duct.
53
```
58. Which layer of the small intestine wall contains cells with microvilli?
A) submucosa
B) mucosa
C) muscularis
D) serosa
E) adventitia
```
*B) mucosa
54
```
59. What portion of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus of the stomach?
A) jejunum
B) duodenum
C) ileum
D) common bile duct
E) hepatopancreatic ampulla
```
*C) ileum
55
```
60. The gallbladder
A) produces bile.
B) is attached to the pancreas.
C) stores bile.
D) produces secretin.
E) breaks down red blood cells.
```
*C) stores bile.
56
```
61. The pancreatic islets
A) are found in the wall of the stomach.
B) excrete mucus.
C) produce digestive enzymes.
D) are exocrine glands.
E) are endocrine glands.
```
*E) are endocrine glands
57
62. Which of the following statements regarding the pancreas is true?
A) The head of the pancreas lies in the curvature of the ileum.
B) The pancreatic duct carries both enzymes and hormones.
C) The pancreatic acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes.
D) The pancreas assists the stomach in the absorption of digested food.
E) The pancreas digests sugar.
*C) The pancreatic acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes.
58
63. Bile would flow directly from the
A) gallbladder into the hepatic duct.
B) hepatic ducts into the common hepatic duct.
C) bile canaliculus into the cystic duct.
D) common bile duct into the gallbladder.
E) cystic duct into the hepatic ducts
*B) hepatic ducts into the common hepatic duct.
59
```
64. Nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract comes to the liver by way of the
A) hepatic artery.
B) hepatic portal vein.
C) hepatic vein.
D) inferior vena cava.
E) celiac trunk.
```
*B) hepatic portal vein.
60
```
65. Which of the following is a function of the hepatocytes?
A) produce digestive enzymes
B) synthesize hormones
C) produce hydrochloric acid
D) synthesize bile
E) regulate pH
```
*D) synthesize bile
61
```
66. An organ is described as follows: cords of cells radiating outward from a central vein with sinusoids between the cords of cells. The organ having this histological structure is the
A) pancreas.
B) spleen.
C) liver.
D) stomach.
E) gall bladder
```
*C) liver.
62
```
67. The hepatic sinusoids
A) transport bile.
B) have phagocytic cells in their lining.
C) are part of the portal triad.
D) connect to the gallbladder.
E) do not have a function.
```
*B) have phagocytic cells in their lining.
63
```
68. Bile is produced by cells of the
A) duodenum.
B) liver.
C) gallbladder.
D) pancreas.
E) hepatopancreatic ampulla
```
*B) liver.
64
```
69. Damage to the liver would hamper digestion of
A) carbohydrates.
B) lipids.
C) proteins.
D) disaccharides.
E) all of the above
```
*B) lipids.
65
70. The liver
A) produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats.
B) produces several digestive enzymes.
C) stores vitamin C.
D) receives oxygenated blood from the portal vein.
E) can not synthesize new molecules.
*A) produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats.
66
71. Bile secretion is
A) performed continuously by the liver.
B) is stimulated by sympathetic nerves.
C) is stimulated by decreased amounts of bile salts.
D) stimulated by increased vitamin B12 storage.
E) controlled by the gallbladder.
*A) performed continuously by the liver.
67
72. Bile
A) digests proteins in the small intestine.
B) emulsifies fats in the small intestine.
C) is made by the gallbladder and stored by the liver.
D) activates trypsin in the small intestine.
E) activates the pancreas.
*B) emulsifies fats in the small intestine.
68
```
73. Functions of the liver include
A) production of many blood proteins.
B) interconversion of nutrients.
C) detoxification of harmful chemicals.
D) bile production.
E) all of the above
```
*E) all of the above
69
74. Hepatocytes
A) phagocytize cells.
B) form phospholipids and hydroxylate vitamin D.
C) convert ammonia to urea.
D) remove sugar from the blood and store is as glycogen.
E) all of the above
*E) all of the above
70
```
75. Which of the following structures has both endocrine and exocrine tissue?
A) colon
B) liver
C) pancreas
D) gallbladder
E) spleen
```
*C) pancreas
71
76. Arrange the following structures in order from the small intestine to the rectum.
1. ascending colon
2. descending colon
3. sigmoid colon
4. transverse colon
A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 1, 4, 2, 3
C) 2, 3, 1, 4
D) 2, 4, 1, 3
E) 1, 4, 3, 2
*B) 1, 4, 2, 3
72
```
77. Which of the following is located closest to the rectum?
A) ascending colon
B) descending colon
C) transverse colon
D) sigmoid colon
E) caecum
```
*D) sigmoid colon
73
```
78. A blockage in the colon where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse colon would occur at the
A) ileocaecal valve.
B) hepatic flexure.
C) splenic flexure.
D) cardiac sphincter.
E) gastric flexure.
```
*B) hepatic flexure.
74
```
79. The longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the large intestinal wall forms three bands called the
A) teniae coli.
B) haustra.
C) coli longitudini.
D) epiploic appendages.
E) rugae.
```
*A) teniae coli.
75
```
80. The major secretion of the large intestine is
A) bile.
B) hormones.
C) mucus.
D) vitamins.
E) bacteria.
```
*C) mucus.
76
81. Arrange the following structures in order from the small intestine to the rectum.
1. ascending colon
2. descending colon
3. sigmoid colon
4. transverse colon
A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 1, 4, 2, 3
C) 2, 3, 1, 4
D) 2, 4, 1, 3
E) 1, 4, 3, 2
*B) 1, 4, 2, 3
77
```
82. Which of the following is located closest to the rectum?
A) ascending colon
B) descending colon
C) transverse colon
D) sigmoid colon
E) cecum
```
*D) sigmoid colon
78
```
83. A blockage in the colon where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse colon would occur at the
A) ileocecal valve.
B) hepatic flexure.
C) splenic flexure.
D) cardiac sphincter.
E) gastric flexure.
```
* B) hepatic flexure.
79
```
84. The longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the large intestinal wall forms three bands called the
A) taeniae coli.
B) haustra.
C) coli longitudini.
D) epiploic appendages.
E) rugae.
```
* A) taeniae coli.
80
```
85. The major secretion of the large intestine is
A) bile.
B) hormones.
C) mucus.
D) vitamins.
E) bacteria.
```
*C) mucus.
81
86. The anal canal
A) begins at the sigmoid colon and ends at the rectum.
B) has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle.
C) contains many goblet cells.
D) contains tubular glands called crypts.
E) has an external sphincter composed of smooth muscle.
*B) has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle.
82
87. Which of the following apply to the small intestine?
A) Secretions from the liver and pancreas enter this organ.
B) Segmentation contractions occur in this organ.
C) Both digestion and absorption occur in this organ.
D) Mixing and propulsion of chyme.
E) All of the above apply to the small intestine.
*E) All of the above apply to the small intestine.
83
```
88. The gallbladder contracts in response to the hormone
A) secretin.
B) cholecystokinin.
C) gastrin.
D) enterokinin.
E) insulin.
```
*B) cholecystokinin.
84
```
89. The digestive juice that contains enzymes capable of digesting all major food groups is
A) gastric.
B) biliary.
C) salivary.
D) pancreatic.
E) hepatic.
```
*D) pancreatic.
85
90. Which of the following statements concerning cholecystokinin is correct?
A) Cholecystokinin stimulates contraction of the gallbladder.
B) Cholecystokinin stimulates secretion of mucus by the gastric glands.
C) Cholecystokinin stimulates the pancreas to release a bicarbonate-rich solution.
D) Cholecystokinin stimulates the intestine to secrete trypsin.
E) Cholecystokinin stimulates gastric secretions.
*A) Cholecystokinin stimulates contraction of the gallbladder.
86
91. The mucosa of the colon
A) contains many mucus-secreting goblet cells.
B) exchanges sodium ions for chloride ions.
C) actively secretes sodium and chloride ions.
D) produces enzymes that complete lipid digestion.
E) consists of stratified columnar epithelium.
*A) contains many mucus-secreting goblet cells.
87
92. One of the major functions of the large intestine is to
A) produce vitamin C.
B) regulate the release of bile.
C) break down hemoglobin to release bilirubin.
D) convert chyme to faeces.
E) absorb nutrients.
*D) convert chyme to faeces.
88
```
93. Faeces consist of
A) water.
B) undigestible food.
C) bacteria.
D) sloughed-off epithelial cells.
E) all of these
```
*E) all of these
89
94. Gastrocolic reflexes are reflexes that
A) empty the stomach.
B) release gastric secretions into the stomach.
C) cause mass movements of the colon when food is present in the stomach.
D) lead to mass movements of the colon in response to food in the duodenum.
E) stop movement in the colon.
*C) cause mass movements of the colon when food is present in the stomach.
90
```
95. Flatus is
A) an enzyme produced by the colon.
B) gas produced by bacteria in the colon.
C) the solid portion of fecal material.
D) a colic reflex.
E) gas produced by goblet cells.
```
*B) gas produced by bacteria in the colon.
91
```
96. Strong peristaltic contractions in the large intestine are called
A) segmental contractions.
B) churning contractions.
C) mass movements.
D) rectal propulsions.
E) defaecation.
```
*C) mass movements
92
97. The defaecation reflex
A) is stimulated by distention of the rectum.
B) inhibits further peristalsis in the rectum and lower colon.
C) constricts the internal anal sphincter.
D) lasts several hours.
E) none of the above
*A) is stimulated by distention of the rectum.
93
```
98. Insulin increases the rate of _____ transport into cells.
A) sucrose
B) fructose
C) glucose
D) galactose
E) lactose
```
*C) glucose
94
```
99. Most nutrient absorption occurs in the
A) stomach and esophagus.
B) duodenum and jejunum.
C) ascending colon and cecum.
D) pancreatic duct and gall bladder.
E) ileum and transverse colon
```
*B) duodenum and jejunum.
95
100. Emulsification
A) converts small lipid droplets into larger droplets.
B) occurs in the gallbladder.
C) chemically digests lipids.
D) increases surface area for lipid digestion.
E) involves enzymes.
*D) increases surface area for lipid digestion.
96
```
101. Small droplets of digested lipids surrounded by bile salts are called
A) chylomicrons.
B) micelles.
C) monoglycerides.
D) diglycerides.
E) lacteals.
```
*B) micelles.
97
102. Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest:
1. dipeptide
2. protein
3. amino acid
4. polypeptide
A) 3, 1, 4, 2
B) 4, 1, 2, 3
C) 2, 4, 1, 3
D) 1, 2, 3, 4
E) 2, 4, 3, 1
*C) 2, 4, 1, 3
98
103. When intestinal chyme is highly concentrated
A) water moves by osmosis into the lumen of the small intestine.
B) water moves by osmosis from the intestinal lumen into the blood.
C) water moves by endocytosis from intestinal lumen into interstitial spaces.
D) water moves by exocytosis from interstitial spaces into the stomach.
E) water does not move.
*A) water moves by osmosis into the lumen of the small intestine.
99
104. Which of the following are effects of aging on the digestive system?
A) blood supply decreases
B) more likely to develop ulcerations and cancers
C) enamel on teeth becomes thinner
D) A and B
E) A, B, C
*E) A, B, C
100
105. Accessory organs of the oral cavity include the _________.
* salivary glands
101
106. Parietal cells produce _________.
* hydrochloric acid
102
107. Lymph nodules in the submucosa of the ileum are called _________.
* Peyer's patches
103
108. The largest internal organ of the body is the _________.
* liver
104
109. Organs of the abdominal cavity are held in place by connective tissue sheets called ___________.
* mesenteries
105
110. Cranial nerves _________ and _________ control salivary glands secretions.
* facial (VII) and glossopharyngeal (IX)
106
111. When stomach acids digest the wall of the stomach, you have a condition called an _____________.
* ulcer
107
112. Detoxification of harmful substances in the body takes place in the _________.
* liver
108
113. Explain why many people have a bowel movement shortly after a meal.
* Answer: Mass movements in the colon are very common after meals because the presence of food in the stomach initiates strong peristaltic contractions (gastrocolic reflexes) in the colon. This is a very common response about 15 minutes after breakfast. These mass movements persist for 10 to 30 minutes and then stop for about half a day.
109
114. What symptoms might you expect if gallstones completely filled the gallbladder?
* Answer: If gallstones completely fill the gallbladder, then the gallbladder can no longer be used as a reservoir for bile. Should a very fatty meal be eaten, the fatty chyme would stimulate the release of cholecystokinin, which would cause the gallbladder to contract. Because of the gallstones in the gall bladder, this could cause a great deal of pain. The main symptoms of cholelithiasis (gallstones) are abdominal pain and jaundice. Heartburn, flatulence, epigastric discomfort, and food intolerances may also be present.
110
115. Explain why neither rapid emptying of the stomach nor slow emptying of the stomach is desirable.
* Answer: Rapid emptying reduces the efficiency of digestion and absorption. If the rate of emptying is too slow, the highly acidic contents of the stomach may damage the stomach wall and reduce the rate of digestion and absorption.
111
116. Relate the importance of mechanical and chemical digestion to absorption of food.
* Answer: The large food molecules must be reduced to smaller components in order for the nutrients to be easily absorbed by the GI tract. Both mechanical and chemical digestion reduce the size of food molecules.
112
117. What role does each of the following play in normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract?
a. parietal cells
b. constrictor muscles of pharynx)
c. lower esophageal sphincter)
d. gallbladder
e. gastrin
f. bile
g. trypsin
h. hepatocytes
i. gastric inhibitory peptide
j. mucus in the small intestine
* Answer:
A) produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
B) move bolus down pharynx
C) regulates entrance of food into stomach
D) stores bile
E) stimulates parietal and chief cells to increase gastric secretions
F) emulsifies fats, neutralizes and dilutes acidic chyme
G) proteolytic enzyme; activates trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, &procarboxypeptidase
H) produce bile; store glycogen, copper, iron, vitamins A, B12, D, E, and K; interconvert nutrients; hydroxylate vitamin D; detoxify substances; synthesize blood proteins.
I) inhibits gastric secretion
J) protects intestinal wall from irritating effects of acidic chyme and digestive enzymes
