week 13- Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
1) The reproductive system
A) produces gametes. B) stores and transports gamates. C) nourishes gametes. D) all of the above E) A and B only
A
D) all of the above
2
Q
2) The reproductive system includes
A) gonads and external genitalia.
B) ducts that receive and transport the gametes.
C) accessory glands and organs that secrete fluids.
D) all of the above
E) B and C only
A
D) all of the above
3
Q
3) The organ that provides mechanical protection and nutritional support for the developing embryo is the
A) vagina. B) uterine tube. C) ovary. D) uterus. E) cervix.
A
D) uterus.
4
Q
4) Which is the function of the ovaries?
A) secretion of hormones B) production of oocytes C) formation of immature gametes D) secretion of inhibin E) all of the above
A
E) all of the above
5
Q
5) The structure that transports the ovum to the uterus is the
A) uterosacral ligament. B) vagina. C) uterine tube. D) infundibulum. E) myometrium.
A
C) uterine tube
6
Q
6) The inferior portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina is the
A) isthmus. B) fornix. C) fundus. D) body. E) cervix.
A
E) cervix.
7
Q
7) The muscular layer of the uterus is the
A) endometrium. B) perimetrium. C) myometrium. D) uterometrium. E) sarcometrium.
A
C) myometrium.
8
Q
8) each of the following statements concerning oogenesis is true, except that
A) at the time of birth the ovaries contain only primary oocytes.
B) ova develop from stem cells called oogonia.
C) an ovum will only complete meiosis if it is fertilized.
D) oogenesis occurs continuously from puberty until menopause.
E) the first meiotic division is completed just prior to ovulation.
A
D) oogenesis occurs continuously from puberty until menopause.
9
Q
9) The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers
A) follicle maturation. B) menstruation. C) ovulation. D) menopause. E) atresia.
A
C) ovulation.
10
Q
10) A rise in the blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone at the beginning of the ovarian cycle is responsible for
A) follicle maturation. B) menstruation. C) ovulation. D) menopause. E) atresia.
A
A) follicle maturation.
11
Q
11) The average length of the menstrual cycle is
A) 10 days. B) 14 days. C) 21 days. D) 28 days. E) 35 days.
A
D) 28 days.
12
Q
12) During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle,
A) ovulation occurs.
B) a new functional layer is formed in the uterus.
C) secretory glands and blood vessels develop in the endometrium.
D) the old functional layer is sloughed off.
E) the corpus luteum is formed.
A
B) a new functional layer is formed in the uterus.
13
Q
13) During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle
A) ovulation occurs.
B) a new uterine lining is formed.
C) glands enlarge and accelerate their rates of secretion.
D) the old functional layer is sloughed off.
E) the corpus luteum is formed.
A
C) glands enlarge and accelerate their rates of secretion.
14
Q
14) During the menses
A) ovulation occurs.
B) a new uterine lining is formed.
C) secretory glands and blood vessels develop in the endometrium.
D) the old functional layer is sloughed off.
E) the corpus luteum is formed.
A
D) the old functional layer is sloughed off.
15
Q
15) All of the following are true of the vagina, except that it
A) serves as a passageway for the elimination of menstrual fluids.
B) receives the penis during coitus.
C) holds spermatozoa prior to their passage to the uterus.
D) forms the lower portion of the birth canal.
E) loses a portion of its lining during menstrual flow.
A
E) loses a portion of its lining during menstrual flow.
16
Q
16) The vagina is
A) a central space surrounded by the labia minora.
B) the inner lining of the uterus.
C) the inferior portion of the uterus.
D) a muscular tube extending between the uterus and the external genitalia.
E) a tube that carries ova from the ovary to the uterus.
A
D) a muscular tube extending between the uterus and the external genitalia.
17
Q
17) The vulva includes all of the following, except the
A) mons pubis. B) fornix. C) labia minora. D) clitoris. E) labia majora.
A
B) fornix.
18
Q
18) In the mammary gland, milk production occurs in the
A) lobes. B) lobules. C) lactiferous duct. D) lactiferous sinus. E) lactiferous adipose tissue.
A
B) lobules.
19
Q
19) The central space bounded by the labia minora is the
A) fornix. B) vestibule. C) hymen. D) clitoris. E) isthmus.
A
B) vestibule.
20
Q
20) Fleshy folds that encircle and partially conceal the labia minora and vestibular structures is(are) the
A) fornices. B) ampullae. C) labia majora. D) mons pubis. E) hymen.
A
C) labia majora.
21
Q
21) The clitoris is
A) a thin epithelial fold that partially or completely blocks the entrance to the vagina.
B) a fleshy fold that encircles the vestibule.
C) a mound of fat that is superior to the pubis.
D) a mass of erectile tissue located at the anterior margin of the labia minora.
E) a shallow recess that surrounds the cervical portion of the vagina.
A
D) a mass of erectile tissue located at the anterior margin of the labia minora.
22
Q
22) The generally dark, pigmented skin that surrounds the nipple is the
A) clitoris. B) fornix. C) zona pellucida. D) hymen. E) areola.
A
E) areola.
23
Q
23) The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is
A) LH. B) FSH. C) progesterone. D) estradiol. E) estrogen.
A
C) progesterone.
24
Q
24) Menstruation is triggered by a drop in the levels of
A) FSH. B) LH. C) relaxin. D) estrogen and progesterone. E) human chorionic gonadotropin.
A
D) estrogen and progesterone.
25
25) The developing follicle cells secrete
```
A) estrogens.
B) progesterone.
C) FSH.
D) LH.
E) GnRH.
```
A) estrogens.
26
26) The hormone estradiol does all of the following, except that it
A) stimulates bone and muscle growth.
B) maintains female secondary sex characteristics.
C) stimulates the symptoms of menopause.
D) maintains functional accessory reproductive glands and organs.
E) initiates repair and growth of the endometrium.
C) stimulates the symptoms of menopause.
27
27) All of the following occur at puberty in both sexes, except that
A) levels of FSH increase while levels of LH decrease.
B) gametogenesis begins.
C) secondary sex characteristics begin to appear.
D) a sex drive develops.
E) both A and B
A) levels of FSH increase while levels of LH decrease.
28
28) At menopause all of the following occur, except that
```
A) menstrual cycles cease.
B) ovarian cycles cease.
C) the ovaries swell.
D) depression may set in.
E) “hot flashes” may occur.
```
C) the ovaries swell.
29
29) The _____ is the inferior portion of the uterus that extends from the isthmus to the vagina.
```
A) body
B) cervix
C) myometrium
D) fundus
E) internal os
```
B) cervix
30
30) Which portion of the uterine tube is closest to the ovary?
```
A) ampulla
B) anterior segment
C) infundibulum
D) posterior segment
E) isthmus
```
C) infundibulum
31
31) The _____ is the rounded portion of the uterine body superior to the attachment of the uterine tubes.
```
A) body
B) cervix
C) myometrium
D) fundus
E) internal os
```
D) fundus
32
32) Oogenesis
A) begins after puberty.
B) is completed only after the secondary oocyte has been fertilized.
C) produces four viable secondary oocytes from each oogonium.
D) is inhibited by FSH.
E) produces diploid gametes.
B) is completed only after the secondary oocyte has been fertilized.
33
33) Which portion of the uterine tube increases in size as the tubule approaches the uterus?
```
A) ampulla
B) anterior segment
C) infundibulum
D) posterior segment
E) isthmus
```
A) ampulla
34
34) Somatic cells contain _____ chromosomes.
```
A) 23 pairs of
B) 19
C) 46
D) 21
E) both A and C
```
E) both A and C
35
35) The segment of the uterine tube that connects to the uterine wall is the
```
A) ampulla.
B) anterior.
C) infundibulum.
D) posterior.
E) isthmus.
```
E) isthmus.
36
36) The ovarian follicles are specialized structures found in the
```
A) cortex.
B) ovarian follicles.
C) primordial follicle.
D) ovarian cycle.
E) follicle cells.
```
A) cortex.
37
37) The ovary is about _____ cm long.
```
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5
```
E) 5
38
38) Perineal structures associated with the reproductive system are collectively known as
```
A) gonads.
B) sex gametes.
C) external genitalia.
D) accessory glands.
E) labia.
```
C) external genitalia.
39
39) The completion of meiosis in males produces four spermatids, each containing
```
A) 23 chromosomes.
B) 23 pairs of chromosomes.
C) the diploid number of chromosomes.
D) 46 pairs of chromosomes.
E) 46 chromosomes.
```
A) 23 chromosomes.
40
40) A sample of female blood is analyzed for reproductive hormone levels. The results indicate a high level of progesterone, relatively high levels of inhibin, and low levels of FSH and LH. The female is most likely experiencing _____ of the uterine cycle.
```
A) the proliferative phase
B) menses
C) the secretory phase
D) menarche
E) menopause
```
C) the secretory phase
41
41) If the cells in the neurohypophysis that produce oxytocin are blocked from secreting the hormone during lactation,
A) the mammary glands will not produce milk.
B) milk will not be ejected into the lactiferous sinuses.
C) the mammary glands will get smaller.
D) the mammary glands will produce only colostrum.
E) menstruation will occur.
B) milk will not be ejected into the lactiferous sinuses.
42
42) If the ovaries were removed from an otherwise healthy 20-year-old female, which of the following would you not expect to see?
```
A) decreased blood levels of GnRH
B) decreased blood levels of FSH
C) decreased blood levels of LH
D) increase in menstruation
E) both B and C
```
D) increase in menstruation
43
43) Sally is an avid jogger and she trains incessantly. She has slimmed down so that she is now underweight for her height and has very little fat tissue. You would expect Sally to
```
A) have heavy menstrual flows.
B) double ovulate.
C) be amenorrheic.
D) have painful menstrual cramps.
E) show elevated levels of FSH.
```
C) be amenorrheic
44
44) Straight tubules originate at the seminiferous tubules and form a maze of passageways called the
```
A) epididymis.
B) ductus deferens.
C) rete testis.
D) efferent ducts.
E) ejaculatory ducts
```
C) rete testis.
45
45) The spermatic cord is
A) a bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens and the blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that serve the testis.
B) a narrow opening that links the scrotal chamber with the peritoneal cavity.
C) the external marking of the boundary between the two chambers of the scrotum.
D) a layer of smooth muscle in the skin of the scrotal sac.
E) a dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds the testis.
A) a bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens and the blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that serve the testis.
46
46) Interstitial cells produce
```
A) sperm.
B) inhibin.
C) nutrients.
D) androgens.
E) androgen-binding protein.
```
D) androgens.
47
47) The sustentacular cells of the seminiferous tubules do all of the following, except that they
```
A) maintain the blood–testis barrier.
B) support spermiogenesis.
C) secrete inhibin.
D) secrete testosterone.
E) secrete androgen-binding protein.
```
D) secrete testosterone.
48
48) Sperm production occurs in the
```
A) ductus deferens.
B) seminiferous tubules.
C) epididymis.
D) seminal vesicles.
E) rete testis.
```
B) seminiferous tubules.
49
49) Sperm develop from stem cells called
```
A) spermatogonia.
B) primary spermatocytes.
C) secondary spermatocytes.
D) spermatids.
E) spermatozoa.
```
A) spermatogonia.
50
50) As developing sperm cells begin the process of meiosis, they become
```
A) spermatogonia.
B) spermatocytes.
C) spermatids.
D) spermatozoons.
E) Sertoli cells.
```
B) spermatocytes.
51
51) The cells that are formed at the end of meiosis are called
```
A) spermatogonia.
B) primary spermatocytes.
C) secondary spermatocytes.
D) spermatids.
E) spermatozoa.
```
D) spermatids.
52
52) The process of spermiogenesis produces
```
A) spermatogonia.
B) primary spermatocytes.
C) secondary spermatocytes.
D) spermatids.
E) spermatozoons.
```
E) spermatozoons.
53
53) Sperm are moved along the ductus deferens by
```
A) hydrostatic force.
B) ciliary action.
C) peristaltic contractions.
D) suction.
E) segmental movements
```
C) peristaltic contractions.
54
54) The following is a list of structures of the male reproductive tract.
1. ductus deferens
2. urethra
3. ejaculatory duct
4. epididymis
```
The order in which sperm pass through these structures from the testes to the penis is
A) 1, 3, 4, 2.
B) 4, 3, 1, 2.
C) 4, 1, 2, 3.
D) 4, 1, 3, 2.
E) 1, 4, 3, 2.
```
D) 4, 1, 3, 2.
55
55) The structure that monitors and adjusts the composition of tubular fluid, recycles damaged spermatozoa, and is the site of sperm maturation is the
```
A) ductus deferens.
B) rete testis.
C) seminal vesicle.
D) epididymis.
E) prostate gland.
```
D) epididymis.
56
56) The structure that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra is the
```
A) ductus deferens.
B) epididymis.
C) seminal vesicle.
D) ejaculatory duct.
E) corpus cavernosum.
```
A) ductus deferens.
57
57) The tubular structure that produces a secretion that contains fructose, prostaglandins, and fibrinogen is the
```
A) prostate gland.
B) bulbourethral gland.
C) seminal vesicle.
D) corpus cavernosum.
E) preputial gland.
```
C) seminal vesicle.
58
58) The structure that surrounds the urethra and produces an alkaline secretion is the
```
A) seminal vesicle.
B) bulbourethral gland.
C) prostate gland.
D) preputial gland.
E) Bartholin’s gland.
```
C) prostate gland.
59
59) The small paired structures at the base of the penis that produce a lubricating secretion are the
```
A) seminal vesicles.
B) prostate glands.
C) preputial glands.
D) Bartholin’s glands.
E) bulbourethral glands.
```
E) bulbourethral glands.
60
60) Semen contains all of the following, except
```
A) spermatozoons.
B) seminal fluid.
C) prostaglandins.
D) spermatocytes.
E) enzymes.
```
D) spermatocytes.
61
61) The male organ of copulation is the
```
A) urethra.
B) ejaculatory duct.
C) penis.
D) corpus cavernosum.
E) corpus spongiosum.
```
C) penis.
62
62) The fold of skin that covers the glans penis is the
```
A) ejaculatory duct.
B) prepuce.
C) corpus cavernosum.
D) corpus spongiosum.
E) penile urethra.
```
B) prepuce.
63
63) The portion of the penis that surrounds the external urethral meatus is the
```
A) prepuce.
B) glans.
C) corpus spongiosum.
D) corpus cavernosum.
E) corona glandis.
```
B) glans.
64
64) The erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra is the
```
A) membranous urethra.
B) penile urethra.
C) glans penis.
D) corpus spongiosum.
E) corpus cavernosum.
```
D) corpus spongiosum.
65
65) The erectile tissue that is located on the anterior surface of the flaccid penis is the
```
A) membranous urethra.
B) penile urethra.
C) corpus spongiosum.
D) corpora cavernosa.
E) prepuce.
```
D) corpora cavernosa.
66
66) The scrotum is
```
A) the male organ of copulation.
B) the site of sperm production.
C) erectile tissue of the penis.
D) a fleshy pouch suspended below the perineum and anterior to the anus.
E) superior to the glans penis.
```
D) a fleshy pouch suspended below the perineum and anterior to the anus
67
67) The role of the pituitary hormone follicle-stimulating hormone in males is to
A) stimulate the interstitial cells to produce testosterone.
B) stimulate the sustentacular cells to produce inhibin.
C) initiate sperm production in the testes.
D) develop and maintain secondary sex characteristics.
E) influence sexual behaviors and sex drive.
C) initiate sperm production in the testes.
68
68) The pituitary hormone that stimulates the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone is
```
A) FSH.
B) LH.
C) ACTH.
D) ADH.
E) GH.
```
B) LH.
69
69) Emission
A) occurs under parasympathetic stimulation.
B) begins with peristaltic contractions of the ampulla.
C) is responsible for propelling spermatozoa into the female reproductive tract.
D) involves contractions of the ischiocavernosus muscle.
E) both C and D
B) begins with peristaltic contractions of the ampulla.
70
70) Contractions of the ischiocavernosus and bulbocavernosus muscles result in
```
A) erection.
B) emission.
C) ejaculation.
D) detumescence.
E) orgasm.
```
C) ejaculation.
71
71) For erection and ejaculation to occur
A) there must be sufficient blood hydrostatic pressure.
B) the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the nervous system must be properly functioning.
C) the urinary sphincters must be open.
D) all of the above
E) A and B only
E) A and B only
72
72) The developing male reproductive system is most closely associated with which of the following systems?
```
A) muscular
B) urinary
C) endocrine
D) digestive
E) integumentary
```
B) urinary
73
73) Which of the following can be found inside the spermatic cord?
```
A) spermatic vessels
B) nerves
C) lymphatic vessels
D) ductus deferens
E) all of the above
```
E) all of the above
74
74) Which muscle draws the scrotal sac close to the body to control scrotal temperature?
```
A) dartos
B) inguinal
C) cremaster
D) ductus
E) parietal
```
C) cremaster
75
75) During which stage of spermatogenesis do the cells begin meiosis?
```
A) spermatogonia
B) primary
C) first
D) secondary
E) third
```
B) primary
76
76) During which stage of spermatogenesis are daughter cells produced?
```
A) spermatogonia
B) primary
C) first
D) secondary
E) third
```
A) spermatogonia
77
77) Which of the following occurs in mitosis?
```
A) Physically mature spermatozoa appear.
B) Fusion of nuclei occurs.
C) One daughter cell from each division is pushed toward the seminiferous tubule.
D) Gamete production results.
E) Major changes in spermatids occur.
```
C) One daughter cell from each division is pushed toward the seminiferous tubule.
78
78) Sustentacular cells contain or function in all of the following, except
```
A) secretions of MIF.
B) progesterone-binding protein.
C) spermiogenesis.
D) supporting meiosis.
E) serving as a blood–testis barrier.
```
B) progesterone-binding protein.
79
79) The ductus deferens is approximately _____ cm long.
```
A) 17
B) 50
C) 43
D) 5
E) 10
```
C) 43
80
80) Seminal fluids contain all of the following, except
```
A) prostaglandins.
B) protein.
C) fructose.
D) sperm.
E) fibrinogen.
```
B) protein.
81
81) A typical ejaculation releases approximately _____ sperm.
```
A) 1 million
B) 300 million
C) 100,000
D) 500 billion
E) 1 billion
```
B) 300 million
82
82) Testosterone and other androgens are secreted by the
```
A) hypothalamus.
B) anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
C) sustentacular cells.
D) interstitial cells.
E) hypophysis.
```
D) interstitial cells.
83
83) Where in the male reproductive system would you expect to find mature spermatozoa?
```
A) in the seminiferous tubules
B) in the epididymis
C) traveling the ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct
D) in the seminal vesicles
E) in the uterine tubes
```
C) traveling the ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct
84
84) Contraction of the cremaster muscle
A) causes wrinkling of the scrotal sac.
B) produces an erection.
C) propels sperm through the urethra.
D) moves sperm through the ductus deferens.
E) moves the testis closer to the body cavity.
E) moves the testis closer to the body cavity.
85
85) Contraction of the dartos muscle
A) causes wrinkling of the scrotal sac.
B) produces an erection.
C) propels sperm through the urethra.
D) moves sperm through the ductus deferens.
E) moves the testis closer to the body cavity.
A) causes wrinkling of the scrotal sac.
86
86) Major functions of the accessory glands of the male reproductive system include all of the following, except
A) production of spermatozoa.
B) providing nutrients spermatozoa need for motility.
C) propelling spermatozoa and fluids along the reproductive tract.
D) producing buffers.
E) activating the spermatozoa.
A) production of spermatozoa.
87
87) A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but ICSH (LH) is normal. After the individual grows to maturity, one would expect that he would
A) not develop secondary sex characteristics.
B) be sterile.
C) be impotent.
D) have impaired function of the interstitial cells.
E) produce large amounts of inhibin.
B) be sterile.
88
88) Long-term compression of the spermatic artery and vein could result in all of the following, except
A) decreased blood flow to the testes.
B) increased levels of secondary sexual characteristics.
C) sterility.
D) impotence.
E) decreased blood levels of testosterone.
B) increased levels of secondary sexual characteristics
89
89) A male bodybuilder starts taking injections of testosterone (an anabolic steroid) on a daily basis. After 3 weeks, which of the following would you expect to observe?
```
A) increased sex drive
B) increased levels of GnRH
C) increased levels of ICSH and FSH
D) all of the above
E) B and C only
```
A) increased sex drive
90
90) Sperm production
A) takes over two months to complete.
B) yields about 300 million sperm per day.
C) occurs in response to FSH.
D) yields cells that a head capped by an acrosome, a middle piece full of mitochondria, and a tail.
E) All of these are correct.
E) All of these are correct.
91
91) The male gonad is called a _____.
Answer: testis
92
92) The _____ is a narrow opening that links the scrotal chamber with the peritoneal cavity.
Answer: inguinal canal
93
93) The _____ is a layer of smooth muscle in the skin of the scrotal sac.
Answer: dartos muscle
94
94) Sperm cells are produced by the process of _____.
Answer: spermatogenesis
95
95) The _____ is the part of the sperm that contains the chromosomes
Answer: head
96
96) The tail of the sperm is actually a(n) _____.
Answer: flagellum
97
97) A normal sperm count ranges from approximately _____ spermatozoa per milliliter.
Answer: 35 to 100 million
98
98) The _____ is the part of the sperm that contains the enzymes necessary for fertilization.
Answer: acrosomal cap
99
99) The junction of the ampulla of the ductus deferens and the base of the seminal vesicle is called the _____.
Answer: ejaculatory duct
100
100) The portion of the urethra that passes through the center of the prostate gland is called the _____.
Answer: prostatic urethra
101
101) The portion of the urethra that penetrates the urogenital diaphragm is the _____.
Answer: membranous urethra
102
102) The portion of the male urethra that extends from the distal border of the urogenital diaphragm to the external urethral meatus is the _____.
Answer: penile urethra
103
103) The procedure in which the prepuce is removed from the penis is called a(n) _____.
Answer: circumcision
104
104) The funnel-shaped end of the uterine tube is called the _____.
Answer: infundibulum
105
105) The _____ are fingerlike projections at the end of the uterine tube.
Answer: fimbriae
106
106) The expanded, initial segment of the uterine tube is called the _____.
Answer: ampulla
107
107) The expanded portion of the uterus inferior to the uterine tube is called the _____.
Answer: body
108
108) The inferior constricted portion of the uterus is called the _____.
Answer: isthmus
109
109) The point where the uterine cavity opens into the vagina is called the _____.
Answer: external orifice
110
110) The space within the uterus is called the _____.
Answer: uterine cavity
111
111) The _____ is the inner lining of the uterus
Answer: endometrium
112
112) The internal orifice connects the uterine cavity to the _____.
Answer: cervical canal
113
113) The shallow recess that surrounds the cervical protrusion into the vagina is called the _____.
Answer: fornix
114
114) _____ are specialized structures within an ovary that contain an oocyte.
Answer: ovarian follicles
115
115) Follicles that undergo the process of _____ degenerate.
Answer: atresia
116
116) _____ is the process of sloughing off the old functional layer of the endometrium.
Answer: menstruation
117
117) The _____ is the layer that undergoes the cyclic changes of the menstrual cycle.
Answer: functional zone
118
118) Painful menstruation is called _____.
Answer: dysmenorrhea
119
119) _____ are vaginal mucus glands that resemble the bulbourethral glands of the male.
Answer: greater vestibular glands
120
120) _____ are the organs of milk production.
Answer: mammary glands
121
121) The _____ is a small, conical structure where ducts of the mammary glands open onto the body surface.
Answer: nipple
122
122) The onset of menstruation at puberty is called the _____.
Answer: menarche
123
123) The cessation of menstruation that occurs during midlife is called _____.
Answer: menopause
124
124) The _____ is an organ that provides mechanical protection, nutritional support, and waste removal for the developing embryo.
Answer: uterus
125
125) How are male and female reproductive systems functionally different?
Answer: In males, the gonads (testes) secrete androgens and produce half a billion gametes (sperm) each day. The sperm are mixed with secretions, forming semen, and are expelled from the body during ejaculation. In females, the gonads (ovaries) secrete oestrogen and progesterone and release one oocyte (gamete) every month. A sperm within the oviduct may fertilize the oocyte.
126
126) Trace the path of a sperm cell from the site of its maturation to the site where it leaves the male body. Include descriptions of fluids added along that path.
Answer: Sperm mature in the epididymis. From there, they travel through the ductus (Vas) deferens into the abdominal cavity. The ampulla of the ductus deferens merges with the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct. Sperm and the alkaline, fructose-rich fluid from the seminal vesicle move from the ejaculatory duct into the prostatic urethra, where they are mixed with a slightly acidic mucoid fluid from the prostate. Next the sperm and fluid pass through the membranous urethra and are mixed with additional alkaline secretions from the bulbourethral glands. The combination of sperm and secretions is called semen. The mixture travels through the penile urethra as it is ejaculated.
127
127) Describe the functions of testosterone.
Answer: Testosterone promotes the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics, protein anabolism1091, Development of sexual function (behavior, libido, spermatogenesis), and the male pattern of development during prenatal life.
128
128) Describe the roles of oestrogens and progesterone.
Answer: Oestrogens stimulate the growth1091, Development and maintenance of the female reproductive structures. They stimulate the development of female secondary sex traits including the development of breasts and the pattern deposition of subcutaneous body fat. Oestrogens cause the build up of the endometrial lining that prepares the uterus for implantation of the embryo. Oestrogens also stimulate protein synthesis. Progesterone works with oestrogens to prepare the endometrium for implantation and to prepare the breasts for milk production. Progesterone is critical to maintaining the endometrium throughout a pregnancy.
