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Psychology 1011 > WEEK 8 - Cross-cultural Psychology > Flashcards

WEEK 8 - Cross-cultural Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three hypotheses that explain the origins of culture?

A
  • Terror management theory
  • The creation of a shared reality
  • An unintended by-product of interpersonal interaction
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2
Q

What is nationality?

A

Defines the political entity to which a person owes loyalty

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3
Q

What is race?

A

Some form of inherited physical make-up

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4
Q

What is ethnicity?

A

A person’s historical group origins

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5
Q

What is socialisation?

A

Describes the way in which individuals acquire social skills and values for integration into a group or community. Socialisation represents a continuous process of learning which continues throughout our life. Deliberate shaping of an individual’s cultural self

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6
Q

What is enculturation?

A

The process of learning about and participating in a culture. It describes the way in which values and norms of a culture are passed onto new members (such as a child).

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7
Q

True or False: you can understand a person’s ethnicity most effectively by knowing what experiences and behaviours are linked to it

A

True

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8
Q

True or False: enculturation is a process whereby a group deliberately teaches children and adolescents what the culture expects of them

A

False

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9
Q

True or False: it is possible for a person to belong to more than one culture

A

True

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10
Q

What is cross-cultural psychology?

A

The comparative study of behaviour in different cultures

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11
Q

What are the theoretical issues of cross-cultural psychology?

A

Absolutism
Relativism
Universalism

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12
Q

What is absolutism?

A

The assumption that psychological phenomena are the same across all cultures, and so culture plays little or no role in the meaning or display of human characteristics

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13
Q

What is relativism?

A

The assumption that all human behaviour is culturally patterned. Human diversity is explained in terms of the culture in which a person has developed, and is assessed using the values and meanings a cultural group gives to phenomena.

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14
Q

What is universalism?

A

The assumption that the basic psychological processes are common to the human species but culture influences the development and display of behaviour.

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15
Q

What is acculturation?

A

The process of adapting to a culture other than the one originally identified with

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16
Q

What are sojourners?

A

People who join a cultural group for a fixed period of time that is not seen to be permanent

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17
Q

What are cultural syndromes?

A

The clusters of attitudes, values, customs and practices that characterise a culture

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18
Q

What are Hofstede’s 5 value dimensions?

A 
Power distance
Uncertainty avoidance
Individualism-collectivism
Masculinity-femininity 
Long- vs short-term orientation
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19
Q

What is the power distance value dimension?

A

Ways of dealing with equality

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20
Q

What is the uncertainty avoidance value dimension?

A

The degree of tolerance of the unknown

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21
Q

What is the individualism-collectivism value dimension?

A

The degree of integration of individual’s within groups

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22
Q

What is masculinity-femininity value dimension?

A

Differences in the social roles of women and men

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23
Q

What is the long- vs short-term orientation value dimension?

A

The degree to which delayed gratification of material, social and emotional needs is encouraged

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24
Q

What are the different types of acculturation?

A

Integration
Assimilation
Segregation
Marginalisation

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25
Q

What is integration?

A

A form of acculturation where the old culture is valued as well as the new.

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26
Q

What is assimilation?

A

A form of acculturation where the new culture is valued but not the old.

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27
Q

What is segregation?

A

A form of acculturation where the old culture is valued but not the new.

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28
Q

What is marginalisation?

A

A form of acculturation where neither the new culture nor the old is valued

29
Q

What is culture shock?

A

The stressful and uncomfortable experience of encountering another culture

30
Q

What are the symptoms of culture shock?

A
  1. Strain due to the effort required to make the necessary psychological adaptations
  2. A sense of loss and feelings of deprivation in regard to friends, status, profession and possessions
  3. Being rejected by and/or rejecting members of a new culture
  4. Confusion in role, role expectations, values, feelings and self-identity
  5. Surprise, anxiety, even disgust after becoming aware of cultural differences
  6. Feelings of impotence due to not being able to cope with the new environment
31
Q

What are the phases of culture shock?

A

Honeymoon
Crisis
Recovery
Adjustment

32
Q

What is the honeymoon phase of culture shock?

A

The initial reactions of euphoria, enchantment fascination and enthusiasm

33
Q

What is the crisis phase of culture shock?

A

Feelings of inadequacy, frustration,anxiety and anger

34
Q

What is the recovery phase of culture shock?

A

A period of crisis resolution and cultural learning

35
Q

What is the adjustment phase of culture shock?

A

The reflective enjoyment, and functional competence in, the new environment

36
Q

What is the U-shaped hypothesis?

A

The idea that acculturation starts with positive experiences, proceeds to negative and then returns to being positive over a course of time

37
Q

What is culture learning?

A

Acquiring an understanding of, and an ability to share in, the riles and conventions of a culture

38
Q

What is a locus of control?

A

The extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishes lie inside or outside of their control

39
Q

True or False: people who tend to stay with the American employer for much of their working life display low uncertainty avoidance

A

False

40
Q

True or False: assimilation occurs when a person values the cultural identity of a country they have moved to, and no longer values that of their former country

A

True

41
Q

True or False: a migrant who feels confused about their role and identity in their new country could be experiencing culture shock

A

True

42
Q

True or False: culture competency often results from learning about appropriate work and social skills that are needed in a new culture

A

True

43
Q

What is multicultural?

A

The existence of features of more than one culture in a group or an activity

44
Q

What is multiculturalism?

A

Set of social and political policies that maintain a multicultural society

45
Q

What is cultural distance?

A

The degree of similarity of values, attitudes, customs and practices between people of different cultures.

46
Q

What is prejudice?

A

Regarding one’s in-group more favourably than their out-groups.

A negative, unfavourable attitude towards a social group and its members.

47
Q

What is the social identification theory?

A

An explanation of how individuals and groups enhances their own self-esteem

48
Q

What is racism?

A

A form of discrimination based on the actual or perceived race of another person or group

49
Q

What is racial socialisation?

A

The process of educating and training people about the nature and consequences of racism

50
Q

True or False: Commonwealth multicultural policy includes the freedom for all Australians to live their lives in any way they choose

A

False

51
Q

True or False: cross-cultural research has allowed us to map the complete cultural psychology of many refugees and migrant groups

A

False

52
Q

True or False: psychologists are now working with other professionals to develop culturally appropriate health services in Australia

A

True

53
Q

True or False: current psychological research into prejudice pays a great deal of attention to contemporary sociopolitical attitudes

A

True

54
Q

What is “Terror Management Theory”?

A

Awareness of the inevitable death of self which is common to all and which has brought people together. This maybe a motivator for self-esteem, ethnicity, religion and even love.

55
Q

What is “The Creation of a Shared Reality”?

A

Security that others also experience the world in the same way. We find security in people who share the same beliefs or view the world in the same way we do.

56
Q

What is “An Unintended By-product of Interpersonal Interaction”?

A

Social Influence occurs in any act of communication and through repeated interaction and social influence people have groups together in communities that share a set of beliefs, values, and world-views particular to their culture.

57
Q

What categories does “The Lewis Model” classify cultures into?

A

Multi-active
Linear-active
Reactive

58
Q

What are the values for a “Multi-active” Culture?

A

Core values for cultures in this group are family, hierarchy, relationships, emotional eloquence, persuasion and loyalty. These core values are reflected their social and business behaviour such as talking a lot a lot, arguing, showing warmth and compassion. Italians, Latin Americans and Arabs would belong to this group.

59
Q

What are the values for a “Linear-active” Culture?

A

Basic values of linear active cultures are facts, planning, products, time-lines, word-deed correlation, institutions and law. These values are reflected in their ordered and planned lives and explain their job orientation and their love of clubs and societies. The Germans and Swiss to belong to this group.

60
Q

What are the values for a “Reactive” Culture?

A

Chief characteristics of reactive cultures are intuition, courtesy, network, common obligations, collective harmony and the protection of everyone’s face. These values are reflected in their ultra-polite business and social behaviour, avoiding confrontation and search for harmonious communication. Chinese, Japanese and Vietnamese are in this group.

61
Q

According to Phinney, was is the “unexamined” stage of identity development?

A

Often in the pre-adolescence period, when children identify with the dominant culture without a reflection of their own ethnic identity.

62
Q

According to Phinney, was is the “exploration” stage of identity development?

A

A search for one’s ethnic identity through active learning of the culture, resulting in a deeper understanding of one’s family and community background. This is often commenced in adolescence and continues into early adulthood.

63
Q

According to Phinney, was is the “achievement” stage of identity development?

A

The last phase when an individual has made a conscious commitment and resolves their ethnic identity into a stable sense of self.

64
Q

According to “The Lancet Commission Report” in 2014, what are the 12 findings that need immediate attention if we are to respond to the greatest challenges to our broad health system?

A
  1. Medicine should accommodate the cultural construction of wellbeing.
  2. Culture should be better defined.
  3. Culture should not be neglected in health and healthcare provision.
  4. Culture should become central to care practices.
  5. Clinical cultures should be reshaped.
  6. People who are not healthy should be capacitated within the culture of biomedicine.
  7. Agency should be better understood with respect to culture.
  8. Training cultures should be better understood.
  9. Competence should be reconsidered across all cultures and systems of care.
  10. Exported and imported practices and services should be aligned with local cultural meaning.
  11. The building of trust in health care should be prioritised as a cultural value.
  12. New models of wellbeing and care should be identified and nourished across cultures.
65
Q

According to Helm what are the 6 distinct phases white racial identity develops in?

A 
Contact
Disintegration
Re-integration
Pseudo-independence
Immersion/Emmersion
Autonomy
66
Q

What are the 5 key principles to build cultural competence?

A 
Valuing diversity
Conducting cultural self-assessment
Understanding the dynamics of difference
Institutionalizing cultural knowledge
Adapting to diversity
67
Q

___________ cultures are described as having weak social norms and a high tolerance for deviance, while ___________ cultures have strong social norms and a low tolerance for deviance.

A

Loose; Thight

68
Q

Cross-cultural psychology seeks to find principles and truths
that are ________________.

A

Universal to all people of all cultures, or culture-specific to some people in some cultures.

69
Q

The most common type of hypothesis-testing in cross-cultural psychology is one that:

A

Compares two or more cultures with respect to a particular variable.

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