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Psychology 1011 > WEEK 7 - Indigenous Psychology > Flashcards

WEEK 7 - Indigenous Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Which countries have the largest Indigenous populations in the world?

A

India and China

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2
Q

What are two main challenges for Indigenous psychology?

A

Recognition of Indigenous perspectives

Culturally sensitive + appropriate research to inform practice

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3
Q

What is “decolonising practice”?

A

Confronting and dismantling the impacts of colonisation at the individual, group, and societal level.

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4
Q

There are ___million Indigenous people across 70 countries?

A

370 million

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5
Q

Indigenous people are characterised by..

A

a set of principles and understandings, such as

  • self identification (community, acceptance)
  • strong link to territories
  • distinct language, culture and belief
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6
Q

Article 33 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples asserts that Indigenous people have the right to…..?

A

Determine their own identity or membership in accordance with their customs and traditions.

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7
Q

Failure to act on ____ health has resulted in health inequalities for most Indigenous peoples

A

Collective.

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8
Q

How to Aboriginal and Torre Strait Islander’s view health?

A 
With a holistic view. 
This includes:
Land
Environment
Physical body
Community
Relationships
= social, economical and cultural wellbeing of WHOLE community = collective wellbeing.
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9
Q

What are two key issues for indigenous health?

A

Suicide & Self harm

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10
Q

What is “historical trauma”?

A

The consequences of colonisation on indigenous health

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11
Q

What are the 4 C’s of “historical trauma”?

A

colonial injury - caused by behaviour of colonial powers
collective experience - of the impacts of colonialism across entire indigenous communities
cumulative effects - that endure and are perpetuated over time
cross generational impacts - to indicate that the effects have ‘passed down’ from one generation to the next in the absence of healing interventions

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12
Q

What are the cultural continuity factors that buffer against the likelihood of suicide and self harm in indigenous communities?

A
  1. self-government
  2. securing native title to traditional lands
  3. health
  4. education
  5. police and fire services
  6. having developed cultural facilities in their communities
  7. the number of women in local government service
  8. the extent of child and family services
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13
Q

Having more cultural continuity factors results in…?

A

A lower incidence of suicide

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14
Q

Which cultural continuity factors is MOST important?

A

Self-government. When it was present, it was more likely that other factors would also be evident.

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15
Q

What is homogenising?

A

When we assume that all Aboriginal people and Torre Strait Islander peoples are effectively the same.

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16
Q

What is the problem with homogenising?

A

It is disrespectful to the wide diversity of peoples, cultures, and practices throughout Australia.

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17
Q

Which three types of issues should be taken into account when looking at indigenous health?

A

Local, social and historical.

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18
Q

Aboriginal people are recognised as one of the ______ cultures in the world

A

Oldest living

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19
Q

How do aboriginal and torres strait islander people differ?

A

They are distinctively different ethnically and culturally.

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20
Q

What do aboriginal and torres strait islander people have in common?

A

Shared experiences with colonisation, including dispossession, marginalisation and racism, the Stolen Generations.

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21
Q

What percentage of Australian population do Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people make up?

A

3.1%.
Within this population, 90% identify as Aboriginal, 6% as Torres Strait Islander, and 4% as both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander

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22
Q

What percentage of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population is under 15 years old?

A

34% (compared to 19% in non indigenous)

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23
Q

Which parts of Australia have the most Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population?

A

Brisbane, NSW Central Coast + North Coast, Sydney - Wollongong

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24
Q

Up until which year were Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people not considered citizens with the same rights as non-indigenous peoples?

A

1967

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25
Q

Which era introduced apartheid conditions into Australia that lead to Aboriginals not having the same rights as non-indigenous Australians?

A

Protection and Segregation era - 1890-1950s

The Aboriginal Act in 1905, in particular, introduced apartheid conditions into Australia.

Close monitoring and controlling. Chief protector had authority over everything including children under 16 = long term detrimental effects

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26
Q

What did the 1905 Aboriginal Act do?

A

Introduced for the purposes of ‘protecting’ Aboriginal people from being exploited by other members of society. However, not effective as it could be revoked by the police at any point.

The Aboriginal Act had the opposite effect, as it suppressed any right to the privileges and opportunities that were available to the wider community. In effect, it introduced apartheid conditions into Australia, with close monitoring and controlling procedures put in place which resulted in Aboriginal people being marginalised and alienated from wider society

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27
Q

What year was the Aboriginal Act repealed?

A

1963.

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28
Q

How long have Aboriginal people of Australia been around?

A

Between 50,000 and 120,000 years, making them amongst the oldest living cultures in the world

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29
Q

What is the name of the first Australian Prime Minister to address the wrongdoings of previous governments to Indigenous peoples?

A

Paul Keating in his 1992 Redfern Speech.

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30
Q

Who was the first Prime Minister to officially apologise for “The Stolen Generations”?

A

Kevin Rudd in 2008

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31
Q

What are “The Stolen Generations”?

A

The removal of mixed descent aboriginal children from their families

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32
Q

What was the “Bringing them home” Report?

A

A national enquiry into the separation of mixed descent aboriginal children from their families

33
Q

Why were mixed descent aboriginal children removed?

A

It was a government agenda to merge children into society, because of their lighter skill

34
Q

What were the children removed between 1910 to 1970 inducted into?

A

Service roles e.g domestic servants

35
Q

The National Survey in 1989 showed ___% of aboriginal people were separated from their parents

A

47% - but true number is unknown, most likely higher.

36
Q

It is generally accepted that every Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander person is affected by….?

A

The forcible removal of children.

37
Q

In the year ____ , the Landmark Referendum granted Aboriginal & Torre Strait Islanders the right to vote and included in the national census

A

1967

38
Q

Why do aboriginal and torres strait islander people prefer not to be called indigenous/native/or aborigine?

A

Because it is considered offensive. Where possible, would like to be called Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. Acknowledging their country is a sign of respect.

39
Q

Are there still inequalities between Australians and Torres Strait Islanders + Aboriginals?

A

YES. There are still many inequalities

40
Q

The age standardised death rate for Aboriginal + Torres Strait Islander people is ____ times the rate of non indigenous people

A

1.7 times

41
Q

In 2013, the death rate for ICD (intentional self-harm – suicide) for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples was ___________ times the rate reported for non-Indigenous people

A

2.0

42
Q

For students of psychology, it is important to have an understanding of the _____ and _____ wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples

A

Social and emotional

43
Q

Compared to other Australians, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population is disproportionately _____?

A

Younger

44
Q

The diabetes death rate for aboriginal men and women is ___ times higher than non-indigenous?

A

6 times higher for men

4 times higher for women

45
Q

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are ____ as likely as non-indigenous peoples to feel high or very high levels of psychological distress

A

2.7 times

46
Q

As many as ___% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults experienced at least one significant stressor in the previous 12 months.

A

69%

47
Q

What is “deficit thinking”?

A

Judging or evaluating Torres Strait Islander or aboriginal peoples in a negative light - blaming the victim and losing sight of the complex factors contributing to negative health outcomes.
A + TSI people are actually incredibly resilient.

48
Q

What are the distinctive characteristics that indigenous psychologies around the world share?

A
  • Attempt to understand human behaviour within the context of culture emerged from
  • Reaction or a rejection against dominant western psychological understandings
  • Draw on traditions of philosophical thought within indigenous culture (e.g Confucianism)
  • Challenge universal reliability and validity of western psychological research
  • Often criticised by non-indigenous psychologists because pose a threat to professional identity
  • They vary considerably
49
Q

When was the Australian Indigenous Psychologists Association (AIPA) founded?

A

2008, to improve social and emotional wellbeing and MH of A + TSI peoples.

50
Q

Australian Psychology has been ____ in the perpetuation of colonialist practices, including ____?

A

Implicated, cultural racism

51
Q

Currently in Australia, the percentage of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples involved in the psychology workforce is ___%?

A

0.4%

52
Q

Non-indigenous psychologists can “position themselves” in their work by considering the dual lense of whiteness, and indigenous terms of reference. What is “whiteness” and “indigenous terms of reference”?

A

Whiteness = The unearned privilege and power that stems from membership of the dominant culture

Indigenous terms of reference = Understanding and embracing indigenous sovereignty

53
Q

Strengths-based approach

A

Balance “deficit thinking” through acknowledging the resilience of indigenous cultures and their inherent capacities to contribute towards the positive resolution of issues and concerns

54
Q

What is “decolonising practise”?

A

Confronting and dismantling the impacts of colonisation in a purposeful way at the individual, group and societal levels. Aims to address SOCIAL INJUSTICES.
It requires - critical reflection + insight

55
Q

What are the three injustices indigenous people have faced?

A

Distributive injustice - the way Indigenous peoples’ resources have been shared
Procedural injustice - the way policies and procedures have been developed and applied in their everyday life
The scope of justice - the way they have felt systematically excluded from or denied justice and positioned outside the boundaries for just treatment.

56
Q

What is cultural competence?

A

The process of better understanding yourself and the way you work with people from diverse cultures. It is a dynamic and continuous process.

It is a “two-way” cultural exchange - each culture working in unison. There is no single definition - means different things for different cultures.

57
Q

What are the key elements of cultural competence?

A

Knowledge
Values
Skills
Attributes

58
Q

Indigenous psychologies tend to be more

A

Relativist

59
Q

Cultural aversion

A

Stereotyping, racism, discrimination, deliberate

60
Q

Cultural incompetence

A

Not deliberately holding aversive beliefs or values

61
Q

Cultural blindness

A

Ignoring or not noticing cultural differences

62
Q

Cultural pre-competence

A

Aspires to be culturally competent but lacks the knowledge or skills required

63
Q

Cultural competence

A

Has undergone training and personal reflection

64
Q

Cultural proficiency

A

Commitment to continual training and reflection for life

65
Q

Social determinant of health

A

Health, Education and Housing.

66
Q

Decolonising research practice must include a commitment to

A

Self-determination, power-sharing and mutual respect

67
Q

Key feature of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures?

A

Diversity, Spirituality, Kinship and Reciprocity

68
Q

The term ___________research incorporates an Indigenous world view, autonomy and self-determination in research.

A

Indigenist

69
Q

Culture-bound Syndrome

A

Is a manifestation that can be understood in relation to a person’s cultural, social, historical and/or spiritual beliefs.

70
Q

Aboriginal Australians historically have a___________lifestyle in family or community group

A

Semi-nomadic

71
Q

Culture shock

A

A clash between what you are familiar with from your country of origin and a new country

72
Q

Acculturation

A

Getting to know and understand other cultures to the point that the cultures in contact change.

Acculturation is a process in which an individual adopt, acquires and adjust to a new cultural environment.

73
Q

The following are part of cultural competence:

A

Cultural awareness involves becoming aware of our own cultural values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviours and recognising that they differ from those of other cultural groups.

Cultural sensitivity is the ability, skills and knowledge to recognise differences (and the importance of those differences) among cultures.

Cultural respect is the acknowledgement of, acceptance of and respect for cultural knowledge and practices, and, in the case of indigenous peoples, sovereignty.

Cultural humility means an open-mindedness in seeing things from the perspective of people from different cultural backgrounds, and recognising that your own culture is not inherently superior to others.

Cultural safety refers to the way in which we create environments that provide for the security and empowerment of people from different cultural backgrounds, and their identity, language, knowledge and practices.

Cultural responsiveness refers to ‘being’ or operating effectively in a cultural domain that is different from your own. This relates to understanding one’s own culture and those of another and applying these understandings in practice where ‘differences’ become ‘commonalities’.

74
Q

Assessment with indigenous people should be:

A
  1. Qualitative and functional, this means that assessment should examine a wide range of factors relevant to the physical and mental health of those being assessed and should focus on understanding and enhancing their everyday lives. Assessment should not attempt to categorise or diagnose people and compare them with a so-called ‘normal’ population.
  2. Undertaken from an indigenous perspective, not ‘indigenised’. It is important not to simply take assessment tools designed for non-Indigenous people and ‘indigenise’ them without careful thought to whether resources designed in this way are culturally appropriate.
  3. Based on culturally appropriate practice. Our assessment practices should reflect the principles of decolonising practice and be based on a belief of the importance of social justice for providers.
75
Q

Berry proposed a typology based on the extent to which people retained their own culture and embraced another culture. The four categories he used were

A

Assimilation, Segregation, Integration and Marginalisation,

76
Q

Integration

A

Aalso referred to as biculturalism, occurs when a person adopts a new culture while retaining a connection and sense of continuity with their original culture.

77
Q

Assimilation

A

Occurs when a person embraces a novel culture and rejects his or her original culture.

78
Q

Segregation

A

Is when a person maintains their original cultural practices to the exclusion of a new culture.

79
Q

Marginalisation

A

The rejection by a person or group in both the new and old cultures.

Psychology 1011 (12 decks)

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