WEEK 12- Abnormal Psychology Part 2

Question 1

The Dodo veredict

Answer 1

Is the claim that all psychotherapies, regardless of their specific components, produce equivalent outcomes.

Question 2

The majority of mental health professionals see themselves as _________________therapists

Answer 2

Eclectic or integrative; They may lean towards one set of methods, but in working with particular clients or particular problems, they incorporate other methods as well.

Question 3

Behavioural and Social- Cognitive approach emphasises

Answer 3

In the role of learning in the development of personality, as well as in most psychological disorders.

Question 4

What is the relation between psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to therapy and Behaviour therapy?

Answer 4

Psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to therapy assume that if clients gain insight, or awareness, about underlying problems, the symptoms triggered by those problems will disappear. Behaviour therapists try to help clients develop a different kind of knowledge: namely, that most psychological problems are learned behaviours and that they can be changed by taking action to learn new ones without first searching for hidden meanings or unconscious causes.

Question 5

Types of Cognitive Behaviour Therapies

Answer 5

Rational–Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT), Becks Cognitive Therapy

Question 6

Family Therapy

Answer 6

Involves the treatment of two or more individuals from the same family syste

Question 7

The mechanism of the Psychoactive drugs is?

Answer 7

Alteration of neurotransmitter systems in the brain.

Question 8

Therapists adopting a behavioural approach argue that

Answer 8

If past learning experiences can create problems, then new learning experiences can help eliminate those problems. So even if the experiences that led to today’s problems began in the client’s childhood, behaviour therapy seeks to solve those problems by creating beneficial new experiences using the principles

Question 9

Receptor antagonists in psychoactive drugs.

Answer 9

Act by blocking the receptor site normally used by a particular neurotransmitter. The phenothiazines, for example, exert their antipsychotic effects by blocking receptors for dopamine, a neurotransmitter that is important for movement. Blocking dopamine seems to normalise the jumbled thinking of many schizophrenia patients,

Question 10

Client: This has been such a bad day. I’ve felt ready to cry any minute, and I’m not even sure what’s wrong!
Therapist: You really do feel so bad. The tears just seem to well up inside, and I wonder if it’s a little scary to not even know why you feel this way.

Is an example of?

Answer 10

Active listening (reflection) by the therapist.

Question 11

The most influential Humanistic orientated therapies are:

Answer 11

Client-centred therapy developed by Carl Rogers and Gestalt therapy, developed by Frederick and Laura Perls.

Question 12

Group therapy is often helpful to a client because

Answer 12

Other group members serve as sources of social support for one another.

Question 13

Behavioural treatment can take many forms.

Answer 13

Behaviour therapy, Behaviour Modification and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy.

Question 14

Social Skills Training

Answer 14

Is a method for teaching clients the behaviours they need in order to interact with others more comfortably and effectively.

Question 15

Empathy

Answer 15

The therapist’s attempt to appreciate and understand how the world looks from the client’s point of view. They convey empathy by showing that they are actively listening to the client. Like other skilful interviewers, they make eye contact with the client, nod in recognition as the client speaks, and give other signs of careful attention.

Question 16

Behaviour therapy, behaviour modification and cognitive behaviour therapy use:

Answer 16

Learning principles to reduce clients’ undesirable patterns of thought and behaviour and to strengthen more desirable alternatives.

Question 17

Ellis’, Rational–Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) aims:

Answer 17

First at identifying self-defeating beliefs, usually in the form of shoulds or musts, such as ‘I should be loved or approved by everyone’ or ‘I must be perfect in order to be worthwhile’. After the client learns to recognise thoughts like these and to see how they can cause problems, the therapist uses modelling, encouragement and logic to help the client replace maladaptive thoughts with more realistic ones. The client is then given ‘homework’ assignments to try out these new ways of thinking in everyday situation.

Question 18

Desensitisation Hierarchy

Answer 18

Are lists of increasingly fear-provoking situations that clients visualise while using relaxation methods to remain calm.
It turns out, that desensitisation can be especially effective when it slowly and carefully presents clients with real, rather than imagined, hierarchy items. Today, Virtual reality graded exposure makes it possible for clients to ‘experience’ vivid, precisely graduated versions of feared situations without actually being exposed to the real thing.

Question 19

Alprazolam (Zanax) is a anxiolytic that also has?

Answer 19

Antidepressant effects; often used in agoraphobia; has high dependence potential.

Question 20

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

Answer 20

MAOIs were the first generation of antidepressants to be developed (e.g., Parnate). These drugs work by binding to the enzymes which break down serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline. This means that the concentration of these neurotransmitters is higher when the drug is being used.

Question 21

Psychoanalysis

Answer 21

Freud’s method of treatment (psychotherapy) that seeks to help clients gain insight by recognising and understanding unconscious thoughts and emotions.

Question 22

Clients improving quickly is an advantage of group psychotherapy?

Answer 22

No.

Question 23

A therapy that allows the client to decide what to talk about, without direction, judgement or interpretation from the therapist is an example of:

Answer 23

Client-centred therapy (person-centred therapy)

Question 24

Free Association

Answer 24

A technique developed by Freud also known as the talking cure, where the person speaks whatever comes through their mind.

Question 25

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) today is used sparingly and only under certain conditions, primarily in the treatment of

Answer 25

Severe Depression.

Question 26

Has been used to help children get along better with peers, to help social-phobic singles make conversation on dates, and to help rebuild mental patients’ ability to interact normally in social situations.

Answer 26

Social Skills Training

Question 27

Aversion Conditioning

Answer 27

Is a method that uses classical conditioning to create a negative response to a particular stimulus. It associates nausea, painful electrical shock or some other unpleasant stimulus with undesirable actions, thoughts or situations.

Question 28

In what ways therapeutic psychoactive drugs affect neurotransmitters and their receptors?

Answer 28

Some therapeutic drugs cause neurons to fire, while others reduce or inhibit such firing.

Question 29

Punishment

Answer 29

Is an operant conditioning technique; it presents the unpleasant stimulus after the undesirable response occurs.

Question 30

Therapy that involves helping clients become more aware of discrepancies is:

Answer 30

Humanistic (phenomenological) psychotherapy.

Question 31

Active listening (reflection)

Answer 31

A paraphrased summary performed by therapists of the client’s words that emphasises the feelings and meanings that seem to accompany them (empathy).

Question 32

Positive Reinforcement Therapy

Answer 32

Is a therapy method that uses rewards to strengthen desirable behaviours.

Question 33

Difference between the classical and contemporary psychodynamic approach.

Answer 33

Classical emphasises unresolved unconscious conflicts from the distant past, people are driven by sexual and aggressive urges.

Contemporary focuses on understanding the past, but focusing on current relationships and states that people are driven by the need for human relationships. It analyses the interpersonal relationships, including the client–therapist relationship.

Question 34

Techniques for modifying behaviour (behaviour therapy).

Answer 34

Systematic desensitisation therapy, modelling, positive reinforcement, extinction, aversion therapy and punishment.

Question 35

Psychosurgery involves

Answer 35

The destruction of brain tissue for the purpose of treating mental disorder. Among the first to try these procedures was a Portuguese neurosurgeon named António Egas Moniz. In 1935, he developed a technique, called prefrontal lobotomy. Psychosurgery became almost routine in the treatment of schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, aggressiveness and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 36

Examples of neuroleptics or antipsychotics include:

Answer 36

• Chlorpromaxine (otherwise known as largactil).
• Clozapine
• Risperidone
• Ziprasidone
• Aripiprazole

Question 37

Today, the most prominent form of biological treatment to reduce symptoms of many psychological disorders is:

Answer 37

Prescription of psychoactive drugs.

Question 38

Community Psychology

Answer 38

Is an approach to minimising or preventing psychological disorders through changes in social systems and through community mental health programs.

Question 39

Becks Cognitive Therapy

Answer 39

Is a treatment in which the therapist helps clients notice and change negative thoughts associated with anxiety and depression. Beck’s treatment approach is based on the idea that certain psychological problems especially depression and anxiety, as well as some personality disorders can be traced to cognitive distortions.

errors in logic, or what he calls cognitive distortions. Common cognitive distortions include catastrophising (for example,‘If I fail my driver’s test the first time, I’ll never pass it, and that’ll be the end of my social life’), all-or-none thinking (for example, ‘Everyone ignores me’) and personalisation (for example,‘I know those people are laughing at me’).

Question 40

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy.

Answer 40

Behavioural treatment that focuses on changing thoughts as well as overt behaviours. Is a learning-based treatment method that helps clients change the way they think, as well as the way they behave.

Question 41

A mood stabilizer drug is?

Answer 41

Lithium

Question 42

The client-centred therapy or person-centred therapy, relies on the creation of a relationship that reflects three intertwined attitudes of the therapist which are:

Answer 42

Unconditional positive regard, empathy and congruence.

Question 43

Prefrontal lobotomy

Answer 43

Small holes are drilled in the forward portion of the skull and a sharp instrument is inserted and moved from side to side to cut connections between the prefrontal cortex and the rest of the brain. The reason for performing this surgery rely on the idea that emotional reactions in disturbed people become exaggerated due to neural processes in the frontal lobes, and that the lobotomy disrupts these processes.

Question 44

____________ are the most widely prescribed of all legal drugs.

Answer 44

Tranquillising drugs (anxiolytics)

Question 45

Behaviour Therapy

Answer 45

Treatments that use classical conditioning principles to change behaviour.

Question 46

Just as reinforcing desirable behaviours can make them more likely to occur, failing to reinforce undesirable behaviours can make them less likely to occur, a process known as

Answer 46

Extinction

Question 47

Token Economy Programs

Answer 47

When working in institutions with clients suffering severe intellectual disability or other serious disorders, behaviour therapists sometimes establish token economy programs, systems in which desirable behaviours are positively reinforced with coinlike tokens or points that can be exchanged later for snacks, access to television or other rewards. The goal is to shape behaviour patterns that will persist outside the institution.

Question 48

Humanistic therapy operates on the following assumptions:

Answer 48

1. Treatment is an encounter between equals, not a ‘cure’ given by an expert
2. Clients will improve on their own, given the right conditions. These ideal conditions promote clients’ awareness, acceptance and emotional expression.
3. Ideal conditions in therapy can best be established through a relationship in which clients feel fully accepted and supported as human beings, no matter how problematic or undesirable their behaviour may be. It is the clients’ experience of this relationship that brings beneficial changes.
4. Clients must remain responsible for choosing how they will think and behave.

Question 49

Psychiatrists

Answer 49

Are medical doctors who have completed special training in the treatment of psychological disorders.

Question 50

Unconditional positive regard (acceptance)

Answer 50

A therapist attitude that conveys caring for and recognition of the client as a valued person. Here the therapist accepts and respecting the client feelings and
self-concept; The therapist is non-judgmental.

Question 51

Neuroleptics, or antipsychotics:

Answer 51

Are used to treat symptoms associated with psychosis (e.g., hallucinations, incoherence anddelusions). For example, a psychiatrist may prescribe neuroleptics for someone with schizophrenia. These drugs block dopamine receptors, to reduce unusual perceptual experiences.

Question 52

Group Therapy

Answer 52

Psychotherapy involving several unrelated clients under the guidance of a therapist who encourages helpful interactions among group members. Many groups are organised around a particular problem (such as alcoholism) or a particular type of client (such as adolescents).

Question 53

Assertiveness Training

Answer 53

Is a form of social skills training that focuses on teaching clients to express themselves in ways that are clear and direct. So instead of sheepishly agreeing to be seated at an undesirable restaurant table, clients learn to be comfortable making ‘I-statements’, such as ‘I would rather sit over there, by the window’. It involves clearly and directly expressing both positive and negative feelings and standing up for one’s own rights while respecting the rights of others.

Question 54

Humanistic (phenomenological) psychotherapy

Answer 54

See people as capable of consciously controlling their own actions and taking responsibility for their own decisions. Most humanistic therapists believe that human behaviour is motivated not by sexual or aggressive impulses but rather by an innate drive towards personal growth and improvement that is guided from moment to moment by the way in which people perceive their world.

Question 55

What drug is commonly used to treat the symptoms of bipolar disorder?

Answer 55

Lithium (antidepressant)

Question 56

Gestalt therapy seeks to create conditions in which clients become

Answer 56

Become more unified, self-aware and self-accepting – and thus ready to grow again

Question 57

Extinction

Answer 57

Is the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response or operant behaviour through non-reinforcement. Treatment methods that use extinction change behaviour slowly but offer a valuable way of reducing inappropriate behaviour in children and adolescents, and in intellectually disabled or seriously disturbed adults. For example, a client who gets attention by disrupting a classroom, damaging property or violating hospital rules might be placed in a quiet, boring, ‘time-out’ room for a few minutes to eliminate reinforcement of misbehaviour.

Question 58

Reuptake

Answer 58

Is the process in which the neurotransmitter would normally return to the brain cell from which it was released. The psychoactive drugs slow down this process.

Question 59

Systematic Desensitisation Therapy,

Answer 59

Is a behavioural method for helping clients overcome phobias and other forms of anxiety. The client visualises a series of anxiety-provoking stimuli while remaining calm. Wolpe believed that this process gradually weakens the learned association between anxiety and the feared object until the fear disappears. Wolpe used progressive muscle relaxation and desensitisation hierarchy in this technique.

Question 60

Psychologists

Answer 60

Are therapists, those who have completed a master’s or (usually) doctoral degree in clinical or counselling psychology and who may have received additional specialty training.

Question 61

Structural Family Therapy

Answer 61

Concentrates on family communication patterns.It focuses on changing the rigid patterns and rituals that create alliances (such as mother and child against father) because these alliances maintain conflicts and prevent healthy communication within the family. Structural family therapists argue that when dysfunctional communication patterns are eliminated, problematic interactions will decrease because family members no longer need them in order to survive in the family system

Question 62

Serotonin and Norephinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRI)

Answer 62

SNRIs increase the levels of serotonin and norephinephrine by preventing their reuptake (e.g., Wffexor). These are the newest class of antidepressant medications, and have relatively few side effects. SNRIs can also be used to effectively treat other mental illnesses other than depression (e.g., Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, OCD).

Question 63

Modelling

Answer 63

Demonstrating desirable behaviours as a way of teaching them to clients. In modelling treatments, the client watches the therapist or other people perform desired behaviours, thus learning skills vicariously, or secondhand. Modelling is also a major part of social skills training and assertiveness training, which teach clients how to interact with people more comfortably and effectively.

Question 64

The notion of applying learning principles in order to change troublesome behaviour has its roots in the work of:

Answer 64

John B.Watson, Ivan Pavlov and Skinner.

Question 65

Behaviour Modification

Answer 65

Are treatments that use operant conditioning methods to change behaviour

Question 66

Classical psychoanalytic treatment aims

Answer 66

First to help troubled people gain insight into their problems by recognising unconscious thoughts and emotions. Then they are encouraged to discover, or work through, the many ways in which those unconscious elements continue to motivate maladaptive thinking and behaviour in everyday life. To gain glimpses of the unconscious, and of the sexual and aggressive impulses he believed reside there. Freud looked for meaning in his patients’ free associations, their dreams, their everyday behaviours and their relationship with him. He believed that hidden beneath the obvious or manifest content of dreams is latent content that reflects the wishes, impulses and fantasies that the dreamer’s defence mechanisms keep out of consciousness during waking hours. He focused also on what have become known as ‘Freudian slips’ of the tongue and other seemingly insignificant but potentially meaningful behaviours.

Question 67

Congruence

Answer 67

Is sometimes called genuineness. And it consists in acting in ways that are consistent with their feelings during therapy. For example, if they are confused by what a client has said, they would say so rather than trying to pretend that they always understand everything.

Question 68

Anxiolytics (Tranquilizers)

Answer 68

Used to treat severe anxiety symptoms, panic, stress and sleep disorders such as insomnia. They have calming and sedative effects on thoughts and behaviours. Anxiolytics reduce anxiety through binding to GABA receptors, the neurotransmitter that inhibits neurons.

Two main types of anxiolytics have been developed: Barbituates (e.g., Amytal) and benzodiazepines (e.g., Zanaz, Valium).

Question 69

The general goal of treatment is to

Answer 69

Help troubled people change their thinking, feelings and behaviour in ways that relieve discomfort, promote happiness and improve their overall functioning as parents, students and workers. To reach this goal, some therapists try to help clients gain insight into the hidden causes of problems. Others seek to promote growth through more genuine self-expression, and still others help clients learn and practise new ways of thinking and acting.

Question 70

Extinction is also the basis of _______.

Answer 70

Flooding, which is an anxiety reduction treatment in which clients are kept in a feared but harmless situation and are not permitted to use their normally rewarding escape strategies.

Question 71

Some unwanted behaviours, such as excessive gambling, addictive drug use or sexual exhibitionism, become so habitual and immediately rewarding that they must be made less attractive if a client is to have any hope of giving them up. Methods for reducing the appeal of certain stimuli are known as:

Answer 71

Aversion Therapy

Question 72

Rational–Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT)

Answer 72

Developed by Albert Ellis, is a technique based on the notion that anxiety, guilt, depression and other psychological problems are caused by how people think about events, not by the events themselves. Its a treatment designed to identify and change self-defeating thoughts that lead to anxiety and other symptoms of disorder.

Question 73

The most notable features of behaviour treatments include:

Answer 73

1. The development of a productive therapist-client relationship.
2. A careful listing of the behaviours and thoughts to be changed.
3. A therapist who acts as a teacher or mentor by providing learning-based treatments, giving ‘homework’ assignments, and helping the client make specific plans for dealing with problems rather than just talking about them. 4. Continuous monitoring and evaluation of treatment, along with constant adjustments to any procedures that are not working as expected.

Question 74

Behavioural techniques aimed at replacing upsetting thoughts with alternative thinking patterns are called:

Answer 74

Cognitive restructuring; Using these techniques, clients develop calming thoughts that they can use as part of self-instruction during job interviews, tense discussions and other anxiety-provoking situations.The calming thoughts might be something like ‘OK, you can handle this if you just focus on the task and don’t worry about being perfect’.

Question 75

Antidepressent drugs (affective disorder) and mood elevators.

Answer 75

Antidepressants are used to manage symptoms of depression, panic and obsession as well as anxiety. There are several different types of antidepressants being Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs), Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs), Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and Serotonin and Norephinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRI). each affecting various neurotransmitters in slightly different ways.

Question 76

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Answer 76

SSRIs are a newer generation of antidepressants, which increase the levels of serotonin in the brain by blocking its reuptake Example, Zoloft, Prozac (fluoxetine).

Question 77

Here and now; focus on immediate experience is an example of

Answer 77

Humanistic Psychology

Question 78

Client-centred therapy (person-centred therapy)

Answer 78

The therapist role is to create a facilitative, emphatic environment wherein the patient
could discover the answers for him or herself. People ask questions to the therapist and therapist responds you with questions, they
lead you to the answer.

Question 79

The unconditional positive regard attitude from the therapist help clients in which way?

Answer 79

Rogers believed that experiencing the therapist’s unconditional acceptance helps clients overcome the sense that their value as a person depends on being successful, intelligent, attractive or meeting the other conditions of worth.

Question 80

Cognitive distortions

Answer 80

Errors in logic and false beliefs; Common cognitive distortions include catastrophising (for example,‘If I fail my driver’s test the first time, I’ll never pass it, and that’ll be the end of my social life’), all-or-none thinking (for example, ‘Everyone ignores me’) and personalisation (for example,‘I know those people are laughing at me’).

Question 81

The combination of live modelling with gradual practice is called

Answer 81

Participant modelling, and it is one of the most powerful treatments for fear.

Question 82

Sociocultural differences between clients and therapists consist in:

Answer 82

Clashes of religious faith, gender, age, ethnicity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic background.

Question 83

Biological treatment methods seek to

Answer 83

Relieve psychological disorders by physical rather than psychological means.

Question 84

Exposure Therapy

Answer 84

Behaviour therapy methods in which clients remain in the presence of strong anxiety- provoking stimuli until the intensity of their emotional reactions decrease

Question 85

Gestalt therapy

Answer 85

Is an active treatment designed to help clients get in touch with genuine feelings and disown foreign ones. For example, the therapist or other group members might point out inconsistencies between what clients say and how they behave. Gestalt therapists pay particular attention to clients’ gestures and other kinds of ‘body language’ that appear to conflict with what the clients are saying. They may also ask clients to engage in imaginary dialogues, or ‘conversations’, with other people, with parts of their own personalities, and even with objects.

Question 86

Couples Therapy,

Answer 86

Are sessions are usually aimed at identifying the miscommunication or lack of communication that interferes with a couple’s happiness and intimacy. It helps improve communication among partners.

Question 87

Commonly prescribed antidepressants?

Answer 87

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs).

Question 88

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT

Answer 88

Is a brief electrical shock administered to the brain, usually to reduce depression that does not respond to drug treatments.

Question 89

In recent years, anticonvulsant drugs such as ____________and ___________ have been used as an alternative to lithium in treating mania.

Answer 89

Divalproex (Epival and Depakote); Lamotrigine (Lamictal). They are under the category of antidepressant drugs and mood elevators.

Question 90

Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)

Answer 90

TCAs increase the levels of serotonin and noradrenaline in the brain by blocking their reuptake (e.g., doxepin). These drugs also affect several other neurotransmitter systems (e.g., acetylcholine).

Question 91

The most prominent drug in the group of antidepressent drugs

Answer 91

Is fluoxetine (Prozac).