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Pathophysiology > Week 8 Bone Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Week 8 Bone Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of bone tissue?

A
  • Structure/support,
  • Attachments - muscles/tendons, ligaments,
  • Protection - Vital organs,
  • Blood production,
  • Storage of minerals - e.g. Ca, phosphates,
  • Energy storage - fat in yellow bone marrow,
  • Hearing - bones in the skull.
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2
Q

What is the anatomical classification of bones?

A
  • Short,
  • Irregular,
  • Long,
  • Flat,
  • Seasmoid.
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3
Q

What are the types of osseous tissue?

A
  1. Compact (cortical) bone,
  2. Spongy (trabecular) bone.
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4
Q

Describe the make up of Compact bone?

A
  • Osteons = concentric rings (lamellae) of calcified matrix surrounding vertically oriented blood vessels,
  • Osteocytes in lacunae communictae through canaliculi,
  • Interstitial lamellae represent older osteons.
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5
Q

Describe Spongy bone?

A
  • Osteocytes in lacunae on the surface of the trabeculae (little beams),
  • Nutrients directly rom the blood in the medullary cavities.
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6
Q

Name the 4 types of bone cells?

A
  1. Osteoprogenitor cells - undifferentiated cells,
  2. Osteoblasts - build matrix & collegen fibres but can’t divide,
  3. Osteocytes - mature cells,
  4. Osteoclasts - cells bone cells.
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7
Q

Bones develop in 2 diffrerent ways during embryonic development, what are they?

A
  1. Intramembranous Ossification,
  2. Endochondrial Ossification.
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8
Q

What happens during Intramembranous Ossification?

A
  • Forms flat bones,
  • Mesenchymal cells form fibrous membranes,
  • Ossification centre develops within membrane,
  • Bone matrix secreted,
  • Forms spongy bone first,
  • Collar of compact bone formed around the periphery second.
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9
Q

What happens during Endochondral Ossification?

A
  • Inital cartilage model formed,
  • Bone collar formed,
  • Blood vessels penetrate into cartilage,
  • Primary centre of ossification develops,
  • Spongy bone developed,
  • Blood vessels penetrate into epiphyses forming secondary centres of ossification.
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10
Q

The skeletn is a dynamic structure. What is it’s remodelling affected by?

A
  • Age,
  • Mechanical stress,
  • Genetic & environmental levels,
  • Hormone levels,
  • Calcium & phosphate levels.
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11
Q

Give an example of a bone disorder that can occur during feotal development?

A

Agenesis of limb bud, Spina bifida, Osteogenesis imperfecta, Achondroplasia.

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12
Q

What are the bone disorders linked to the aging process?

A
  1. Osteopenia,
  2. Osteoporosis.
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13
Q

Fractures are named according to several factors what are they?

A
  • Severity - Open/compound, closed/simple, impacted, comminuted, displaced, compressed.
  • Shape - Spiral, oblique, transverse, depressed.
  • Position - distal/proximal 1/3, shaft, neck, epiphyseal.
  • Physicians name - Colles, Potts.
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14
Q

What are the stages of fracture healing?

A
  1. Haematoma formation,
  2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation,
  3. Bony callus formation,
  4. Bone remodelling.
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15
Q

Describe what occurs during the first stage of fracture healing?

A
  • Formation of haematoma,
  • Clot produced in 6-8 hours,
  • Bone cells die,
  • Inflammation brings phagocytic cells,
  • New capillaries grow into the damaged area.
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16
Q

Describe what occurs during the second stage of fracture healing?

A
  • Fibrocartilagenous callus formation,
  • Fibroblasts invade the procallus & lay down collogen,
  • Chondroblasts produce firbocartilage.
17
Q

Describe what occurs during the third stage of fracture healing?

A
  • Formation of bony callus,
  • Osteoblasts secrete spongy bone taht joins the broken ends of bone,
  • Lasts 3-4months.
18
Q

Describe what occurs during the fourth stage of fracture healing?

A
  • Bone remodelling,
  • Compact bone replaces the spongy in the bony callus,
  • Surface is remodelled back to normal shape,
  • Sometimes a palpable lump remains.
19
Q

List 3 factors that can affect fracture healing?

A

Type of fracture, site of fracture, vascular supply, age of patient, movement at fracture site, separation of bone ends, infection, bone pathology.

20
Q

Give 3 complications of fractures?

A

Delayed/mal/non-union, avascular necrosis, sudecks atrophy, compartment syndrome, Volkmanns ischaemia, Myositis Ossificans, blood vessel, nerve or visceral damage, tendon injury, fat embolus, Osteoarthritis, growth impairment.

Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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