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Pathophysiology > Week 6 Inflammation, Infection & Immunity > Flashcards

Week 6 Inflammation, Infection & Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bodies 3 lines of defence?

A
  1. 1st line = Skin & mucous membranes,
  2. 2nd line = Inflammation,
  3. 3rd line = Immunity.
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2
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation?

A

It is the process in which healthy tissue reponds to injury. It’s function is to destroy & remove substances recognised as being foreign to the body. To prevent minor infections from becoming overwhelming & to prepare any damaged tissue for repair.

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3
Q

Give 4 examples of inflammatory problems?

A

Conjunctivitis, Tendonitis, Appendicitis, Osteoarthritis, Peritonitis, Pericarditis, Achilles Tendonitis, Capsulitis.

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4
Q

What 5 factors cause inflammation?

A
  1. Injury/trauma - Physical/thermal/radiational/electrical/chemical
  2. Infection - Viruses/worms/bacteria/fungi/protozoa
  3. Infarction - Myocardial Infarction → Ischaemia
  4. Immune reactions - Foreign protein hypersensitivity (bites & stings)/Auto immunity (RA, MS)
  5. Nutrient deprivation
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5
Q

What are the 5 Cardinal signs of inflammation?

A
  1. Calor = increased temperature,
  2. Rubor = Redness,
  3. Tumor = Swelling,
  4. Dolor = Pain,
  5. Functio Laesa = Loss of function.
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6
Q

Name the stages of inflammation?

A
  1. Vascular response,
  2. Cellular response,
  3. Pahgocytosis,
  4. Lymphatic drainage.
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7
Q

Summarise the vascular changes in acute inflammation?

A
  • TRansient vasoconstriction,
  • Prolonged vasodilation,
  • Increased blood flow & hydrostatic pressure,
  • Opening of capillary beds,
  • Increased vascular permeability,
  • Bradykinin causes capillary endothelium retraction (crenallation),
  • Leakage of plasma → protein rich exudate,
  • Oedema formation,
  • Haemoconcentration → Stasis.
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8
Q

What are the 9 stages to the cellular changes in acute inflammation?

A
  1. Margination,
  2. Rolling,
  3. Adhesion,
  4. Pavementing,
  5. Chemotaxis,
  6. Pseudopod formation,
  7. Amoeboid action,
  8. Emigration/Diapedesis “ Cell walking”,
  9. Chemotaxis.
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9
Q

What are the first type of leucocytes to emigrate to the site of an injury?

A

Neutrophils

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10
Q

What are the second type of leucocytes to emigrate to the site of an injury & what do they transform into?

A

Monocytes → Macrophages

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11
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

The process of ingestion of foreign material or particulate matter.

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12
Q

What is needed for the Leucocyte to invaginate a foreign substance e.g. bacteria?

A

Antibody & complement.

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13
Q

What do the leucocytes use to destroy an invaginated bacteria?

A

Lysosomes.

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14
Q

How is the extra fluid (exudate) following inflmmation removed?

A

By the lmyphatic system opening up to assist in the drainage.

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15
Q

Immunity invlves which 2 types of lymphocytes?

A

B & T Lymphocytes

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16
Q

Decsribe what happens during cell-mediated immune responses?

A
  • T lymphocytes are made in the red bone marrow & relaeased as immature cells.
  • They travel to the thumus where they mature.
  • The cells leave the thymus as CD4 & CD8 T-cells.
  • CD8 cells are activated in the prescence of CD4 cells in the lymphatic tissue.
  • Once activated they become killer CD8 T-cells which can leave the lymphatic tissue to attack invading antigens.
17
Q

Describe what happens in antibody-mediated immune responses?

A
  • B lymphocytes are realeased directly into the blood stream in their mature state,
  • They enter the lymphatic tissue with antigen receptors attached to them (anitbodies),
  • CD4 cells activate the B lymphocytes by realesing the anibodies which are then able to roam around the blood tream,
  • The anibodies are ready to attach to anitgens with complement to make up the complex that leucocytes will then phagocytose.
18
Q

What is another name for anibody-mediated immune response?

A

Humoral immunity.

19
Q

Give an exampl of a bacteria, fungi & virus?

A

Bacteria - Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, clostridium difficile, clostridium tetani, enterococcus (Gram positive).

Neisseria meningitidis, helicobacter pylori, klebsiella pneumoniae, escherichia coli, salmonella, shigella (Gram negative)

Viruses - Respiratory syncytial virus, paramyxovirus, rotavirus, coxsackievirus, adenovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus, varicella.

Fungi - Tinea inguium, tinea corporis

20
Q

What makes up the chain of infection?

A
  • Infectious agent,
  • Reservoirs,
  • Portal of exit,
  • Means of transmission,
  • Portal of entry,
  • Suscetable host

Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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