Week 8 (A) : Public and Private Policing of Financial crimes Flashcards
What is ‘responsibilisation’ in the context of Organised Fraud/Laundering-Fighters?
Responsibilisation’ refers to the shift of responsibility for crime control onto the private sector nationally and transnationally, as discussed by Garland in 1996.
Who takes on the role of Compliance officers/Money Laundering Reporting Officers within a growing number of regulated firms?
Individuals from both the public and private sector.
What is the purpose of commercial ‘incapacitators’ in the context of fraud prevention?
They are employed to detect and halt fraud in the commercial sector.
What challenge arises due to the potential for confusion and controls falling between the cracks?
Scope for difficulties in coordination between agencies and across civil, administrative, and criminal enforcement.
When was The Serious Fraud Office created, and what was its primary purpose?
Created in 1987, its primary purpose was to process complex fraud cases more rapidly and effectively with lawyer supervision of police investigations and expert accountancy help not available to the police normally.
What unique power does The Serious Fraud Office possess in terms of obtaining information from individuals?
It has the power to require anyone, even suspects, to provide documents and answer questions on pain of imprisonment for refusal.
Why did the attempt to merge The Serious Fraud Office with the economic crime section of the National Crime Agency face challenges?
The National Crime Agency (NCA) would have found it very difficult to deal with lengthy complex cross-border cases, resulting in a lack of pursuit of such cases.
According to Shearing and Stenning in the 1970s, what factors contributed to the substantial growth of private security?
The growth was linked to the advance of mass private property and the underfunding of the police, with a focus on preventive policing.
According to Met Police Commissioner Sir Ian Blair, what is the mission of the police?
The mission is to “protect the weak, support the fearful and vulnerable, thank the helpful and lock up the bad guys” (The Observer, 3 July 2005).
What factors influence the level of cooperation in tackling crimes?
Crimes are most amenable to cooperation when there is an identifiable individual complainant/victim, especially if linked to a strong public policy interest.
Medium cooperation occurs for crimes with an individual victim who is reimbursed, alongside a corporate victim.
Low or no cooperation happens when there is only a corporate victim (e.g., unlicensed music, films, counterfeit branded clothing) unless terrorist finance is involved or the suspect is wanted anyway.
In dealing with technological defences, what vulnerability exists despite the implementation of such measures?
Technological defences for individuals, businesses, and government are not proof against social engineering by hackers, romance scams, and courier fraudsters.
In the context of private security agencies tackling music or film ‘piracy,’ with which agencies do they generally find more formal cooperation?
Private security agencies tackling music or film ‘piracy,’ which often involves VAT evasion, generally find more formal cooperation with tax agencies than with the police.
What structural and occupational factors contribute to informal ties between the public and private sectors in terms of cooperation?
Staff movement from public to private, leading to cultural closeness and informal ties.
Successful police officers are aware of the prospect of a second career in banking, compliance, or private security.
In areas where formal cooperation is lacking, what facilitates informal assistance between public and private entities?
In low-priority areas, informal assistance may take place between individuals if close ties exist or can be quickly built between them.
Easy dialogue between individuals and identification of common interests contribute to informal assistance.
What has contributed to the growth of the Anti-Money Laundering Complex since 1989?
The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) reviews country efforts against money laundering.
FATF can greylist or blacklist ‘underperforming’ countries, leading to economic consequences.
