Week 3 (A) : POLICING AND ETHNIC MINORITIES 1: Dimensions of police-BAME relations Flashcards
What are the 3 dimensions of police BAME and Ethnic minorities as x 3 ….
Three dimensions of police–BAME relations
Ø Under-representation: Ethnic minorities as police officers
Ø Under-protection: Ethnic minorities as crime victims
Ø Over-policing: Ethnic minorities as suspects
What do the most recent figures reveal about the representation of ethnic minority police officers in England & Wales, and how does it compare to the general population?
.. of police officers are from ethnic minorities (compared with .. of general population)
8% of police officers are from ethnic minorities (compared with 18% of general population)
What are some factors indicating under-representation of ethnic minority police officers in promoted ranks in England & Wales?
what you would think can take educated guess all negative
under representation ..
higher resignation
racial discrimination - long standing (Casey)
low rates of application
Under-representation is greater in promoted ranks.
There is a higher resignation rate among ethnic minority officers.
Long-standing concerns persist about racial discrimination within the service against ethnic minority officers (see Casey Review for example).
Disproportionately low rates of applications are observed from BAME (Black, Asian, and Minority Ethnic) communities.
What evidence suggests under-protection for ethnic minorities as victims of crime in England & Wales?
common sense
Personal crime victimization rates show
Non-white groups experience higher rates of ‘fear of crime.’
Personal crime victimization rates among different ethnic groups show mixed patterns; there is no clear ‘White’ vs. ‘Non-white’ distinction overall.
Higher victimization rates among ethnic minorities are more associated with factors such as age, income, inner-city residence, etc., rather than ethnicity itself.
What evidence points towards under-protection for ethnic minorities as victims of crime in England & Wales, particularly concerning homicide and law enforcement?
black people … times more likely and
again are … more likely than whites about homicide
black homicide killed with knives and guns
racially motivated crime
confidence in local police
black
white
asian
Black people are 4 x more likely and
Asian people are 1.5 times more likely than whites to be victims of homicide, with a significant proportion being intra-ethnic.
Higher proportions of black homicide victims are killed with knives or guns compared to other groups.
Racially-motivated crime is significantly higher for black people and Asian people, and this trend is growing in recent years.
Confidence in local police is lower among black populations (64%)
white (74%) and
Asian (77%) people.
How does over-policing manifest for ethnic minorities as suspects in England & Wales, considering various aspects of law enforcement?
common sense
- Stop and search
- Arrests and use of force
- Prosecution decisions
- Deaths in police custody
- Policing the pandemic
What do the statistics reveal about police stop and search practices per 1000 population in England & Wales, particularly concerning different ethnic groups?
The stop and search rate for Black individuals (Caribbean and Black African) is … times higher than that of white people.
‘Black Other’ individuals experience a stop and search rate more than … times higher than white individuals.
Asian people and Mixed heritage people are stopped about … more than white people.
The stop and search rate for Black individuals (Caribbean and Black African) is 4-5 times higher than that of white people.
‘Black Other’ individuals experience a stop and search rate more than 17 times higher than white individuals.
Asian people and Mixed heritage people are stopped about 1.5 times more than white people.
The arrest rate arising from these stops is higher for Black and Mixed ethnic groups.
How do arrest rates and the use of force differ among ethnic groups in England & Wales, based on the provided statistics?
Ø Black people arrested .. x more than whites
Ø Mixed heritage people arrested about .. x more than whites
Ø Black people .. x experience ‘use of force’ compared with white people
Ø Black people arrested 3 x more than whites
Ø Mixed heritage people arrested about 2 x more than whites
Ø Black people 3 x experience ‘use of force’ compared with white people
What factors influence charging and prosecution decisions in the criminal justice system in England & Wales?
CPS relies on two tests
‘discontinuity rates’
The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) relies on two tests, the ‘evidential’ and ‘public interest,’ to make decisions regarding charging and prosecution.
Previous research has indicated higher ‘discontinuity rates’ for suspects from Black, Asian, and Minority Ethnic (BAME) backgrounds, suggesting possible insufficiency of evidence or a determination that it is not in the public interest to prosecute.
This discrepancy may suggest potential police bias against BAME suspects at earlier stages of the legal process.
What did the Lammy Review (2017) find regarding charging decisions for different ethnic groups in England & Wales?
The Lammy Review (2017) revealed that for every 100 white male suspects charged by the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), there were 98 Black and 92 Asian suspects charged.
While there were differences, the review did not find huge disparities in charging decisions between white, Black, and Asian suspects.
How did the policing of the pandemic in England & Wales impact different communities, and what evidence supports these unequal impacts?
significant …….
did stop and search increase or decrease in BAME
fines for breaking covid regulations were issued disproportionality to …
Policing powers were extended under the Coronavirus Act 2020, providing significant discretion to police officers.
Stop and search activities increased for Black, Asian, and Minority Ethnic (BAME) populations during the pandemic.
Fines for breaking COVID regulations were issued disproportionately to BAME populations, as reported by the National Police Chiefs Council in 2020
