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Principles Of Pharmacology > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What receptors are used for ACh in the somatic nervous system?

A

Nicotinic

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2
Q

What receptors are use for ACh in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Muscarinic

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3
Q

What receptors are used for ACh in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Alpha and beta
Muscarinic
Nicotinic (in the adrenal medulla).

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4
Q

Where are the nicotinic found which are used as part of the. sympathetic nervous system?

A

Adrenal Medulla

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5
Q

What changes are made to Tyrosine once it enters a pre-synaptic neurone in sympathetic nervous system?

A

It is converted to Dopa, the dopamine then noradrenaline.

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6
Q

What did Henry Dale discover about the sympathetic nervous system?

A

There are 2 different classes of adrenoreceptor. (Alpha and beta).

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7
Q

What effects do pre-treatment with ergot alkaloids have on adrenaline?

A

Change the vasoconstrictor effects of adrenaline to become vasodilators.

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8
Q

What causes adrenaline to become a vasodilator rather than a vasoconstrictor?

A

Treatment with ergot alkaloids.

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9
Q

What condition is caused by Ergot poisoning?

A

St Anthony’s fire

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10
Q

What is the condition St Anthony’s fire usually caused by?

A

Consumption of bread made with Rye contaminated by ergot.

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11
Q

What are the possible sets of symptoms of St Anthony’s fire?

A

Gangrene with burning pain in extremities.

Convulsions, hallucinations, severe psychosis, death.

Miscarriages.

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12
Q

What happens when adrenaline acts on alpha receptors?

A

Vasoconstriction

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13
Q

What happens when adrenaline acts on beta receptors?

A

Vasodilation

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14
Q

In the absence of ergo, what are the overall effects of adrenaline on alpha and beta receptors?

A

The effect of vasodilation is masked by a large alpha receptor mediated vasoconstriction.

Vasoconstriction

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15
Q

What receptor types does ergot act on?

A

Ergot blocks alpha receptors

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16
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline on alpha and beta receptors when ergot is present ?

A

Ergot blocks alpha receptors so no vasoconstriction occurs.

Overall effect is vasodilation be beta receptor stimulation.

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17
Q

Who initially identified the presence of 2 types of receptor in the sympathetic nervous system (alpha and beta)?

A

Henry Dale

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18
Q

What method did Raymon Ahlquist use to confirm the presence of 2 types of receptor in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

He examined the responses of adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline on the cardiac muscles and a variety of smooth muscles.

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19
Q

What order of potency did Raymond Ahlquist discover on the contraction of smooth muscle?

A

Noradrenaline, adrenaline, isoprenaline

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20
Q

What order of potency did Raymond Ahlquist discover on the relaxation of smooth muscle?

A

Isoprenaline, adrenaline, noradrenaline

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21
Q

By carrying out his potency experiment, what did Raymond Ahlquist postulate?

A

He postulated the presence of alpha and beta cells

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22
Q

Describe the sensitivity of alpha cells to adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline

A

Highly sensitive to adrenaline and noradrenaline.

Practically insensitive to isoprenaline.

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23
Q

Describe the sensitivity of beta cells to adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline

A

Highly sensitive to isoprenaline.

Practically insensitive to adrenaline and noradrenaline.

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24
Q

What are the 2 types of beta receptors and what are the effects of each?

A

Beta-1 receptor - mediate increase in rate and force of cardiac contraction.

Beta-2 receptor - mediate bronchodilator and vasodilation.

25
Q

Where are Alpha-1 receptors found?

A

Peripheral blood vessels

Prostate

26
Q

What effect do alpha-1 receptors have on the prostate?

A

Contraction

27
Q

Where are alpha-2 receptors found?

A

Presynaptic nerve terminal

28
Q

What effect do alpha-2 receptors have at pre-synaptic nerve terminals?

A

Inhibit noradrenaline release.

29
Q

Where are beta-1 receptors found?

A

Heart

30
Q

Where are beta-2 receptors found?

A

Peripheral blood vessels.

Bronchioles

31
Q

What are the effects of beta-2 receptors on bronchioles ?

A

Bronchodilation

32
Q

What are the 2 groups of drug mechanisms for the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Directly Acting

Indirectly acting

33
Q

What are the effects of directly acting drugs on the sympathetic nervous system?

A

They mimic or block the effects of Noradrenaline and Adrenaline by acting on alpha and beta receptors

34
Q

Where do most directly acting drugs act in terms of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Post-synaptically

35
Q

Give an example of a drug type which is a directly acting drug for the sympathetic nervous system.

A

Beta blockers

36
Q

What effect do Alpha-1 receptor agonists have?

A

They mimic the effects of noradrenaline and therefore cause vasoconstriction.

37
Q

What are the advantages of Phenylephrine over Noradrenaline?

A

It is more highly selective for receptors

38
Q

What are the clinical uses of Phenylephrine?

A

Nasal Decongestant

Increases blood pressure

39
Q

How is Phenylephrine used to treat nasal congestion?

A

Alpha-1 receptor stimulation causes vasoconstriction which reduces congestion of nasal mucosa.

40
Q

What are the clinical uses of Alpha-1 Antagonists?

A

Anti-hypertensives

41
Q

How do Alpha-1 Antagonists act as anti-hypertensives?

A

They block alpha-1 receptor stimulation meaning vasoconstriction is inhibited and blood pressure is reduce.

42
Q

What are the effects of prostate enlargement?

A

Blocks the urethra making it difficult to empty the bladder.

43
Q

How can Prostate enlargement be treated?

A

Prazosin and Tamsulosin are used as alpha-1 antagonists to stop contraction of the smooth muscle and therefore allowing urine to pass out of the urethra.

44
Q

What effect does the stimulation of alpha-1 receptors by NA have on the bladder and prostate?

A

Causes contraction

45
Q

What are the overall effects of indirectly acting drugs on the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Increase or decrease noradrenaline availability by non-receptor mechanisms.

46
Q

Where do Indirectly acting drugs act on the sympathetic nervous site?

A

Pre-synaptically

47
Q

What are the effects of alpha-2 receptor agonists?

A

Stimulation of pre-synaptic alpha-2 receptors means that adrenoreceptors can inhibit their own noradrenaline release

48
Q

What are alpha-2 antagonists used to treat?

A

Hypertension and panic disorders

49
Q

What are the effects of alpha-2 receptor antagonists?

A

They block the inhibition of noradrenaline release. More Noradrenaline available to stimulate the post-synaptic receptors.

50
Q

What are the effects of Beta-1 receptor agonists?

A

They stimulate adrenoreceptors therefore causing an increase in the heart rate and force of contractions.
Increases renin release from the kidneys and so increase blood pressure.

51
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Beta-1 agonists?

A

Treat cardiac arrest and low blood pressure

52
Q

What are the Therapeutic uses of beta-1 receptor antagonists?

A

Treat angina and hypertension

53
Q

What are Beta-2 receptor agonists used to treat?

A

Asthma

54
Q

What are the effects of Beta-2 receptor agonists?

A

Stimulate bronchodilator and vasodilation in skeletal muscles.

55
Q

What are the uses of Beta-2 Antagonists?

A

Used as pharmacological agents to be used in research into the distribution and physiological roles of beta-receptor subtypes.

56
Q

What type of drug mechanism does Amphetamine use?

A

Indirect

57
Q

What are the physiological effects of Cocaine and Adrenaline?

A

Rapid heart rate
Elevated blood pressure
Decreased GI motility and secretion

58
Q

How do MAO inhibitors affect synaptic availability in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Increase availability of NA by blocking its breakdown and blocking the dopamine transporter in dopaminergic neurones.

59
Q

What are indirectly acting sympathomimetic drugs used to treat?

A

Children with ADHD

Principles Of Pharmacology (11 decks)

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