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Principles Of Pharmacology > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Is the somatic nervous system part of the Central or peripheral nervous system?

A

Peripheral

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2
Q

What is the main function of the somatic nervous system?

A

To voluntarily control the boy via skeletal muscles.

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3
Q

Is the somatic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

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4
Q

What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

To involuntarily control the body

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5
Q

What are the branches of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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6
Q

Which part of the nervous system are the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches part of ?

A

Autonomic

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7
Q

What is the main function of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Fight or flight - increase heart rate

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Rest and digest - slow heart rate.

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9
Q

What muscle type does the somatic nervous system control?

A

Somatic

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10
Q

What muscle type does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

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11
Q

Is the sensory division of the nervous system afferent or efferent?

A

Afferent

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12
Q

Is the motor division of the nervous system afferent or efferent?

A

Efferent

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13
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the eyes?

A

Constrict pupils

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14
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the salivary glands?

A

Stimulates salivation

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15
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the heart?

A

Slows heart rate

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16
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the lung?

A

Constrict bronchi

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17
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the stomach?

A

Stimulates digestion

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18
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the liver?

A

Stimulates bile release

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19
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the intestines?

A

Stimulates peristalsis and secretion

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20
Q

What effect does the parasympathic nervous system have on the bladder?

A

Constrics bladder

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21
Q

Describe the length of ganglions in the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

A

Long pre-ganglionic neurone

Short post-ganglionic neurone

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22
Q

What branch of the autonomic nervous system has neurones with a long pre-ganglionic neurone and short post-ganglionic neurone?

A

Parasympathetic

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23
Q

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the eyes?

A

dilates pupils

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24
Q

What effect does the sympathetic nervous site have on the salivary glands?

A

Inhibits salivation

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25
Q

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the heart?

A

Accelerates heart rate

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26
Q

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the Lungs ?

A

Dilates bronchi

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27
Q

What effect does the sympathetic nervous site have on the stomach?

A

Inhibits digestion

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28
Q

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the liver?

A

Stimulates Glucose release

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29
Q

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the kidneys?

A

Stimulates Epinephrine and Norepinephrine release

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30
Q

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the intestines?

A

Inhibits peristalsis and secretion

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31
Q

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the bladder?

A

Relaxes it

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32
Q

Describe the neurones of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

A

Short pre-ganglionic neurone and long post-ganglionic neurone

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33
Q

What branch of the autonomic nervous system has neurones with short pre-ganglionic neurones but one post-ganglionic neurones?

A

Sympathetic

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34
Q

What is the overall purpose of the pre-ganglionic section of a neurone?

A

Creates synapses with chromatin cells and stimulates release epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood.

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35
Q

What is the overall purpose of the post- ganglionic section of a neurone?

A

Directly responsible for changes in activity of the target organ due to neurotransmitter release

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36
Q

What are the effects of Epinephrine release on the body?

A

Increases heart rate.

Dilates blood vessels in skeletal muscles.

Increases system blood flow due to increase cardiac output.

Dilates always.

Activates reticular formation of the brain

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37
Q

What effects does Norepinephrine release have on the body?

A

Increases heart rate.

Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles.

Blood vessels constrict in skin and viscera.

Airways dilate slightly.

Systemic blood pressure increases greatly.

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38
Q

What receptors does ACh act on in the somatic nervous system ?

A

Nicotinic

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39
Q

What receptors does ACh act on in the autonomic nervous system? (Parasympathetic branch)

A

Nicotinic

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40
Q

What receptors does ACH act on in the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic branch)?

A

Alpha or beta receptors

41
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system, what receptors does ACh act on in sweat glands?

A

Muscarinic receptors

42
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system, where is adrenaline released from?

A

Adrenal medulla

43
Q

Describe the neurones of the somatic nervous system.

A

Single neurones with no ganglions

44
Q

What muscle types does the somatic nervous system control?

A

Skeletal

45
Q

Describe the action time for nicotinic receptors

A

Rapid

46
Q

What type of receptors are Nicotinic receptors?

A

ion channels

47
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

Central nervous system
Somatic neuromuscular junctions
Autonomic ganglia
Adrenal medulla

48
Q

Describe the structure of nicotinic receptors

A

Has 5 subuits

49
Q

What are the effects of nicotinic receptors having different subunits?

A

Different subtypes of receptors will be produced.

50
Q

What are the differences between different subtypes of nicotinic receptors?

A

Different pharmacological effects and tissue distribution.

51
Q

What are the subtype of nicotinic receptors present in skeletal muscles?

A

Nm

52
Q

What are the subtype of nicotinic receptors present in ganglions?

A

Nn

53
Q

What type of receptors are muscarinic receptors?

A

G protein coupled receptors

54
Q

Where can muscarinic receptors be found?

A

Central nervous system

Parasympathetic neuro-effector junctions.

55
Q

What are the main functions of neuromuscular blocking drugs?

A

Muscle relaxants

56
Q

What % of the choline produced by degradation of ACh by acetylcholinesterase is recycled back into the pre-synaptic cleft?

A

50%

57
Q

What is the effect of blocking nicotinic receptors at somatic neuromuscular junctions?

A

Paralysis of skeletal muscles

58
Q

What is blocking of nicotinic receptors used for clinically?

A

Relaxing muscles during surgery

59
Q

What are the classes of neuro-muscular blockers?

A

Non-depolarising

Depolarising

60
Q

What are non-depolarising neuromuscular blockers and how do they work?

A

They are competitive agonists so compete with ACh at nicotinic receptors.

61
Q

What type of neuromuscular blocker is Tubocurarine?

A

Non-depolarsing

62
Q

What are depolarising neuromuscular blockers and how do they work?

A

Persistent agonists - cause constant stimulation of nicotinic receptors until they become desensitised.

63
Q

What type of neuromuscular blocker is Suxamethonium?

A

Depolarising

64
Q

Outline how Tubocurarine acts as a competitive antagonist non-depolarising neuromuscular blocker.

A

Tubocurarine binds reversibly to nicotinic receptors at neuromuscular junctions of the somatic nervous system. This prevents ACh binding to the receptors and stimulating contraction. This results in paralysis of the skeletal muscles.

65
Q

What does ACh stand for?

A

Acetyl choline

66
Q

What are the benefits of Tubocurarine binding reversibly to nicotinic receptors?

A

The effects of tubocurarine can be reversed by increasing concentrations of ACh which competes for the receptors.

67
Q

How can the effects of Tubocurarine at neuromuscular junctions be reversed?

A

By increasing the concentration of ACh which will then compete for a receptor.

68
Q

What can be used o reverse the block caused by tubocurarine?

A

Acetylchoinesterase

69
Q

What did Claude Bernard discover and how?

A

He poisoned the skeletal muscles with Curare.

When the nerve was stimulated = no muscle contraction.

When the muscle was stimulated = muscular contraction.

Conclusion - site of paralysis was the junction between the nerve and the muscle.

70
Q

In what year did Claude Bernard discover the neuromuscular blockers act on neuromuscular junctions?

A

1851

71
Q

What are the clinical use of Tubocurarine?

A

Muscle relaxation during surgery.

Endotrachel Intubaion.

72
Q

What is Endotrachea Tubation?

A

A tube is inserted into the trachea via the mouth before surgery. The patent is deeply sedated.

73
Q

Does Tubocurarine cause muscle spasms?

A

No

74
Q

Approximately how long do the effects of Tubocurarine last?

A

About 30 mins

75
Q

What are the negative effects that Tubocurarine can sometimes cause?

A

May cause histamine to be released from mast cels which results in vasodilation and therefore reduction in blood pressure.
Also causes bronchodilator and itching.

76
Q

What type of neuromuscular blocker is Rocuronium?

A

Non-depolarising

77
Q

Describe the onset time of Rocuronium.

A

Rapid

78
Q

What is the advantage of using Rocuronium over Suxamethonium for tracheal intubation?

A

Won’t cause histamine release

79
Q

What are the clinical uses of Rocurnium?

A

Muscle relaxant

Used for tracheal intubation

80
Q

How oft does Rocuronium need reversal?

A

Very rarely

81
Q

What type of neuromuscular blocker is Succinylcholine?

A

Depolarising

82
Q

How does Succinylcholine act as a blocker at neuromuscular junctions?

A

It is chemically simile to ACh so stimulates Nm nicotinic receptors in the same way.
It can’t be broken down by acetylcholinesterase so remains in the synaptic cleft, persistently stimulating nicotinic receptors until they lose sensitivity.

83
Q

What are the effects of the persistent depolarising agonist Succinylcholine?

A

Fasciculations are caused for a few seconds before muscular paralysis is caused.

84
Q

what are muscular fasciculations?

A

Involuntary muscular contractions (spasms).

85
Q

Can Succinylcholine be broke down by acetylcholinesterase?

A

No

86
Q

What are the clinical uses of Succinylcholine?

A

Muscle paralysis allows insertion of a tube into the trachea without stimulating the gag reflex

87
Q

What is the average onset time of Succinylcholine?

A

30 secs

88
Q

How does Physostigmine enhance cholinergic transition?

A

It blocks the breakdown of ACh by acetylcholinesterase.

89
Q

What is Physostigmine frequently used to treat?

A

Glaucoma

90
Q

What is Glaucoma?

A

Damage to the optical nerve of the eyes which results in pressure build up and impaired vision.

91
Q

In what year and by who was Physostigmine synthesised?

A

Percy Lavon Julian in 1935

92
Q

What causes Myasthenia Gravis?

A

An autoimmune disease against Nm Nicotinic receptors of ACh at the motor endplate.

93
Q

What causes people with myasthenia graves to have muscular weakness and muscle fatigue?

A

They have an autoimmune disease which attacks and therefore reduces the number of Nm nicotinic receptors for ACh

94
Q

What are the symptoms of Myaesthenia Gravis?

A

Muscular weakness

Muscle fatigue

95
Q

How can Myaesthenia Gravis be treated?

A

Using Antichonesterases which inhibit acetylcholinesterase.
The concentration of ACh in the synaptic cleft therefore increases and there is greater stimulation of the nicotinic receptors which restores their function.

96
Q

What effect does Botulinum Toxin have at neuromuscular junctions?

A

It inhibits ACh release

97
Q

What are the clinical uses of Botulinum Toxin?

A

Injected locally to reduce muscle spasm

98
Q

What type of toxin is Botulinum toxin?

A

Bacterial toxin

99
Q

What are the overall negative effects of Botulinum Toxin at neuromuscular junctions?

A

Progressive parasympathetic and somatic paralysis leading to respiratory failure.

Principles Of Pharmacology (11 decks)

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