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Principles Of Pharmacology > Week 10 > Flashcards

Week 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Define antibiotic

A

Any substance that inhibits growth and replication of a bacterium or kills the bacterium.

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2
Q

Antibiotics targets bacteria that are found where?

A

Within or on the body.

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3
Q

Define antiseptics

A

Chemicals used to sterilise surfaces of living tissue when risk of infection is high.

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4
Q

Define disinfectants

A

Non-selective antimicrobials used on non-living surfaces, kill a wide range of microorganisms.

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5
Q

What are the general ways that antibiotic resistance can spread in bacteria?

A

Spontaneous mutation.

Taking up genetic material containing antibiotic resistant genes.

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6
Q

When do spontaneous mutations occur that cause antibiotic resistance?

A

Mistakes are often made when copying bacterial DNA during binary fission. This leads to mutations that code for antibiotic resistance.

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7
Q

What are the benefits of antibiotic resistant mutations?

A

They allow bacteria to survive where other bacteria die.

This can be passed on to successive generations.

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8
Q

Name some reasons why antibiotic resistance is increasing

A

Uncontrolled use of antibiotics.

People vulnerable to infection living in small areas.

Overuse of antibiotics in animal husbandry.

Increase travel.

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9
Q

How is bacterial resistance spread due to overuse of animal husbandry?

A

Spread via meat or can enter the environment.

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10
Q

What is animal husbandry?

A

Breeding and caring for farm animals.

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11
Q

How does increased travel aid bacterial resistance to antibiotics?

A

Allows spread of bacterial resistance to antibiotics globally rapidly.

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12
Q

What was the original method for determining antibiotic sensitivity?

A

Grow some concentrations of bacteria with serial dilutions of antibiotic and determine the minimum inhibitory concentration.

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13
Q

What were the issues with the original method of determining antibiotic sensitivity?

A

Very time consuming.

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14
Q

When was the disk diffusion method of measuring antibiotic resistant discovered and who by?

A

Kirby-Bauer - 1956

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the disk diffusion method?

A

To determine the sensitivity of bacteria to different antibiotics.

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16
Q

What are the benefits of the disk diffusion method?

A

Can assess many antibiotics at once.

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17
Q

What are the clinical uses of the disk diffusion method?

A

To determine the antibiotic treatment a patient may need.

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18
Q

What the of agar is used in the disk diffusion method?

A

Mueller-Hinton

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19
Q

How is the effect of different antibiotics on bacteria shown by the disk diffusion method?

A

Presence of absence of bacteria growth around a disk of paper impregnated with antibiotic is an indirect measure of antibiotic inhibition of bacterial growth.

20
Q

Outline the process used to form and carry out a Disk diffusion and what occurs to show antibiotic specificity.

A

1) Mueller-Hinton agar plate is inoculated with bacteria.
2) 6-mm filter paper disks are impregnated with known concentrations of antibiotic.
3) Mueller-Hinton agar - water absorbed into disk from agar - antibiotic diffuses into surrounding agar.
4) Concentration of antibiotic decreases as the distance from the disk increases.
5) Simultaneous growth of bacteria and diffusion of antibiotic.
6) Sharply marginated circle of bacterial growth at point where critical antibiotic concentration is reached. (Minimum inhibitory concentration

21
Q

What is the difference between an antibiotic and antimicrobial?

A

Antibiotics only target bacteria. Whereas antimicrobial is the umbrella term for anything that inhibits or kills microbial cells

22
Q

What type of antibiotic preparation is used to treat infections outside the body?

A

Creams or ointments

23
Q

What type of antibiotic preparation is used to treat infections inside the body?

A

Pills or liquids

24
Q

What type of antibiotic preparation is use to treat very serious infections?

A

Injection into the bloodstream

25
Q

Why are resistant strains of bacteria often harmful when they are inside the body?

A

They have more severe side effects and are often highly toxic.

26
Q

What are the different methods of resistance to antibiotics that bacteria can have and how do they work?

A

Reduce uptake into the cell.

Activate efflux from the bacterial cell.

Eliminate or reduce binding of the antibiotic to the target cell.

Enzymatic Cleavage or modification to inactivate antibiotic molecule.

Metabolic bypass of inhibited reaction.

Overproduction of antibiotic target.

27
Q

Name the ways in which bacterial resistance can be passed on

A

Conjugation
Transformation
Transduction

28
Q

How is bacterial resistance passed on by conjugation?

A

When two bacteria are near each other, genetic material can be passed directly between cells or via pills or pores.

29
Q

What are DNA sequences that can more from one location on the genome to another by conjugation called?

A

Transposons

30
Q

How does bacterial resistance get passed on by transformation?

A

When a bacterium dies, it breaks up and releases its DNA into the environment. Nearby bacteria can pick up this floating DNA and integrate it into their own genomes.

31
Q

How does bacterial resistance get passed on by transduction?

A

When a virus attack a bacterium and takes over the host cell to makes copies of its self. Sometimes it’s of bacterial DNA are included in the DNA of the virus particles produced. The viruses then carry these chunks of bacterial DNA to other bacteria they infect.

32
Q

Why must a patient complete an antibiotic course?

A

This ensures that as many bacteria as possible that are causing the infection are killed so that none are left to start a resistant bacterial population.

33
Q

Can antibiotics be used against the common cold?

A

No

34
Q

Why do antibiotics often lead to resistance when they are prescribed to patients whose prescription is unsure?

A

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are used which then interfere with many different bacterial types.

35
Q

How do antibiotics actually lead to resistance?

A

They create an environment which selects for resistant strains as they have large advantages over strains the are susceptible to antibiotics.

36
Q

Name some ways in which antibiotic stewardship is carried out.

A

Prevent infections that require antibiotic treatment by having good hygiene.

Use antibiotics which are targeted and narrow-range.

Develop better diagnostic method.

37
Q

How does producing better diagnostic methods reduce the spread of bacterial resistance?

A

More targeted, narrow-range antibiotics can be prescribed.

38
Q

Why are new antibiotics rarely produced?

A

Newly found antibiotics are often highly toxic.

Have to go alot of testing which takes time and is expensive.

39
Q

What are the alternative methods of treatment of infection to antibiotics?

A

Bacteriophages
Antivirulence drugs
Bacteriocins

40
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

Viruses that infect bacteria?

41
Q

What are the issues with using bacteriophages as a method to fight infections?

A

People don’t like the idea of putting bacterial viruses into their body.

Regulation of bacteriophages is very difficult.

42
Q

What are the advantages of using bacteriophages to fight infections?

A

More available than antibiotics.

Very diverse.

Bacteria-specific

43
Q

What is meant by bacteria-specific?

A

When bacteria become resistant, the phage will often evolve to re-infect it.

44
Q

How do anti virulence drugs work to fight bacterial infections?

A

They disable the specific proteins the bacterium uses to attach to host cells, preventing them from establishing infections.

45
Q

What are the issues than can arise from using antivirulence drugs to fight bacterial infections?

A

They disarm bacteria rather than killing them, so bacteria are still able to pass their genetic material on.

46
Q

What are bacteriocins?

A

Proteins produced by bacteria that are toxic to similar or closely related bacteria.

47
Q

What are the advantages of using bacteriocins to fight infection?

A

They have a narrow range.

Can be used to delay food spoilage.

Bacteriocins that attack pathogens are produced by bacteria that are harmless so would make ideal antibiotic substitutes.

Principles Of Pharmacology (11 decks)

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