Week 8 Flashcards
Archival research advantages
- Learn from past successes and failures in the industry (Industry wisdom)
- Examing the change of effects over time
- Examine the difference between effects across countries
- Examine socially sensitive phenomena unobtrusively
Longtitudinal data
observations in the data are repeated over time
Cross-sectional data
observations in the data are at single point of time
Unreliability in archival research
- Missing data
- Inaccurately recorded data
- Fake data
Solution to missing data in cross-sectional archival data
- Drop rows with missing data (Listwise deletion)
- Replace missing value with average of other rows (Mean substitution)
Solution to missing data in longitudinal data
Interpolate (fill with predicted data points)
How to merge multiple archival indicators into one
Standardize into same range and then take average
Proxy meaning
Approximate of construct [Firm’s profitability’s proxy could be EBITDA]
How to improve internal validity
Include control variables in analysis
Probability vs Non-probability sampling
Probability sampling involves random selection, allowing you to make strong statistical inferences about the whole group.
Non-probability sampling involves non-random selection based on convenience or other criteria, allowing you to easily collect data.
Probability sampling methods
- Simple random sampling
- Systematic sampling
- Stratified sampling
- Cluster sampling
Non-Probability sampling methods
- Convenience sampling
- Quota sampling
- Judgement sampling
- Snowball sampling
Simple random sampling
randomly selected subset of a population. In this sampling method, each member of the population has an exactly equal chance of being selected (Probability)
Systematic sampling
select members of the population at a regular interval (or k) determined in advance. Every kth member. (Probability)
Stratified sampling
divide a population into homogeneous subpopulations based on specific characteristics (Probability)
Cluster sampling
divide a population into smaller groups known as clusters. They then randomly select among these clusters to form a sample. (Probability)
Quota sampling
non-random selection of a predetermined number or proportion of units (quota). (Non-Probability)
Convenience sampling
units are selected for inclusion in the sample because they are the easiest for the researcher to access (Non-Probability)
Snowball sampling
new units are recruited by other units to form part of the sample (People with rare diseases, hard to find people) (Non-Probability)
