Week 8

Question 1

Family Structure Trends

Answer 1

More children in Canada live with lone or unmarried parents.
A decrease in the percentage of children living with both biological/adoptive parents.
First-time parents in Canada are generally older now.

Question 2

Grandparent Involvement

Answer 2

An increase in the number of children living with grandparents.
Grandparent-headed families may face financial challenges.
Children raised by grandparents may experience emotional and behavioral issues.

Question 3

Family Size and Fluidity

Answer 3

Families in Canada are becoming smaller.
Family structures are more fluid due to a high rate of divorce.
Increased instability for children due to changes in family composition.

Question 4

Same-Sex Parents

Answer 4

Studies show children with same-sex parents fare similarly to those with different-sex parents.
Adjustment depends on family dynamics and parenting quality.

Question 5

Divorced Parents

Answer 5

Divorce causes changes in a child’s life, impacting mental health and behavior.
Custodial parent support is crucial for the child’s adjustment.
Marital stress and conflict can be alleviated by divorce if it was high.

Question 6

Stepparents

Answer 6

A parent’s remarriage can lead to less frequent contact with the noncustodial parent, causing stress.
Positive impact on family income, but challenges if supporting biological children from a previous relationship.
Complex dynamics between stepfathers, stepmothers, and stepchildren.

Question 7

Authoritative

Answer 7

Demanding yet warm and responsive parenting style.
Associated with competent and self-assured children.

Question 8

Permissive

Answer 8

High warmth but low control parenting style.
Associated with children low in self-regulation, impulsive, and high in externalizing problems.

Question 9

Uninvolved

Answer 9

Low warmth and low control parenting style.
Low responsiveness, disengaged parenting.
Associated with children having disturbed attachment relationships, antisocial behavior, and impaired relationships.

Question 10

Authoritarian

Answer 10

Cold, unresponsive, high in demand, and control.
Associated with children low in social and academic competence, as well as self-esteem.

Question 11

Discipline

Answer 11

Internalization: Leads to permanent behavior change as the child accepts and learns reasons for desired behavior.

Other-Oriented Induction: Effective reasoning focused on behavior effects on others, teaching empathy and social competence.

Punishment: Negative stimulus to reduce the likelihood of behavior recurring.

Question 12

What are the three types of non-social play

Answer 12

Unoccupied play, onlooker play, solitary play

Question 13

Three types of social play

Answer 13

parallel play, associative play, cooperative play

Question 14

Changes in Friendship with Development

Answer 14

Around 20 Months:Children initiate more interactions and contribute more during play.

3-4 Years:
Identify and maintain friendships.
Recognize “best friends” more positively.

5 Years Onward:
Communicate and work more effectively with friends.
Increased likelihood of negotiation during conflicts.

6-8 Years:
Define friendship based on shared activities.

Middle Childhood (Asian and Western):
Friendship defined by characteristics like companionship, interests, acceptance, trust, genuineness, mutual admiration, and loyalty.

9 Years:
Increased sensitivity to others’ needs and inequalities.
Take care of friends’ physical and material needs.
Share feelings to reduce loneliness.

Adolescence:
Focus on intimacy, self-disclosure, and having a few close friends.
Changes attributed to age-related qualitative changes in perspective-taking abilities.