Week 7

Question 1

Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development

Answer 1

Children have a sexual nature that motivates them and influences their relationships.
Children go through stages that conflict with erogenous zones; success and failures at resolving these conflicts affect development.
If needs are not met in these stages, children will fixate on those needs. Unsatisfied needs are unconscious and represented in symbolic ways (e.g., oral fixation leading to nail biting).

Question 2

The id

Answer 2

Instinctual drives children are born with; goal is achieving maximum gratification ASAP

Question 3

The ego

Answer 3

Arises from wanting to satisfy the id but is presented with conflicts from the external world.

Question 4

Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development - Contributions to Development

Answer 4

Freud’s theory introduced the idea that unconscious influences could have a powerful impact on human behavior.

Question 6

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development - Key Contributions

Answer 6

Development can occur in adolescence and throughout life.
Emphasizes the social impacts of relationships on development.
Essential for promoting personal growth and well-being.

Question 7

Flashcard 3: Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development - Stages

Answer 7

Basic trust vs mistrust.

Autonomy vs Shame and doubt.

Initiative vs Guilt.

Industry vs Inferiority.

Identity vs Role Confusion.

Question 8

Difference Between Stage Theories and Information Processing Theories

Answer 8

Stage theories look at development as discontinuous, and info processing looks at is as continuous

Question 9

Self-Socialization

Answer 9

Self-socialization refers to children’s active shaping of their own development.

Question 10

Dodge’s Information Processing Theory

Answer 10

Dodge’s theory highlights the role of cognition in social behavior.
Hostile attributional bias is a concept in Dodge’s theory.
It refers to the bias that individuals have, perceiving others as generally antagonistic towards them.

Question 11

Selman’s Stage Theory of Role Taking

Answer 11

Selman’s theory focuses on how children think about something from another person’s point of view.
Young children may be limited in this ability due to egocentrism.
As children become less egocentric, they become increasingly capable of considering multiple perspectives simultaneously.

Question 12

Watson’s Behaviorism

Answer 12

Development and learning are determined by the child’s environment through conditioning.
Everyday experiences are full of conditioned responses.

Question 13

Skinner’s Operant Conditioning

Answer 13

Behavior is under environmental control.
Operant conditioning involves repeating behavior with favorable outcomes and suppressing those with unfavorable outcomes.

Question 14

Social Learning Theory

Answer 14

Involves observation and imitation.
Development is a reciprocal determinism between children and their environment.
Seek particular kinds of interactions that influence later environments.

Question 15

Dweck’s Theory of Self-Attributions and Achievement Motivation

Answer 15

Achievement motivation in children is driven by:
Learning goals: The desire to improve and master competence.

Performance goals: Seeking positive assessments of their competence.

Question 16

Entity Orientation:

Answer 16

View of intelligence as fixed.
Base self-worth on the approval of others, actively seeking it and avoiding situations where it might not be received.
experiencing failure makes them feel helpless

Question 17

Incremental Orientation

Answer 17

Belief that intelligence can be developed through effort.
Self-esteem is based on personal effort and learning, not solely on others’ opinions.
Hopeful
Effort and persistence leads to achievement

Question 18

Parental Investment theory

Answer 18

Parental investment theory posits that parents are driven to perpetuate their genes, requiring offspring to survive long enough to pass those genes to the next generation.

Question 19

Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 19

Applies natural selection and adaptation to human behavior.
Certain genes predispose individuals to behave in ways that solve adaptive challenges.

Question 20

Ethology

Answer 20

Study of behavior within an evolutionary context.
Seeks to understand behavior in terms of adaptive or survival value.
Imprinting is a process in which newborn birds/mammals become attached to the mother at first sight, occurring in a sensitive period.

Question 21

Microsystem

Answer 21

activities and relationships the child directly participates in.
Includes family, with bidirectional relationships that become richer over time.

Question 22

Mesosystem

Answer 22

• interconnections amongst microsystems.
  Represents the child’s community.

Question 23

Exosystem

Answer 23

Settings not directly part of the child’s life but can influence development (e.g., parental workplace, childcare, screen time).

Question 24

Macrosystem

Answer 24

General beliefs, values, customs, and laws of the larger society in which all other levels are embedded.
Examples include policies like paid maternal leave.

Question 25

Bioecological Model

Answer 25

Treats the child’s environment as nested structures, like Russian dolls, representing different levels of influence on development.
Child’s characteristics interact with environmental forces at each level, with varying immediacy of effects.
Considers how multiple levels of context influence outcomes.