Week 8 Flashcards
How do cerebral aneurysms present?
sudden severe headache
What are the risk factors for meningitis?
age
pregnancy
skipping vaccines
weakened immune system
What are the symptoms of meningitis? (4/5)
headache
fever
stiff neck (meningismus)
signs of cerebral dysfunction (confusion, delirium)
What is encephalitis caused by?
viral infection
What is meningitis caused by?
Streptococcus pneumoniae and other bacteria
What is a symptom of acute hemorrhagic stroke?
sudden headache and pain
Stroke of one side of the cerebral hemisphere will affect which side?
contralateral side
What is a risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke?
Blood pressure that is high
Cerebral aneurysm can result in what kind of CVA?
subarachnoid hemorrhage
Acute hypertension is a risk factor for what kind of CVA?
hemorrhagic stroke
Parkinson disease is a deficiency of what chemical?
dopamine
What areas of the brain does Parkinson’s have a deficiency of dopamine?
Basal ganglia (substantia nigra_
Lewy bodies
Parkinson disease will give what hallmark S/S?
rest tremor of skeletal muscle
A hallmark symptom of Multiple myeloma is?
bone pain
Why do Multiple myeloma patients have bone pain?
MM has a tumor growing in the bone marrow
Migraine presents with what? (3)
pounding headache
nausea
photophobia
Characteristics of scoliosis(4)
Lateral curvature
increase in periods of rapid growth
uneven shoulders, scapular prominence
respiratory complications
What pervents fractures from forming?
Diabetes
smoking
poor diet
Paget’s disease is what followed by what?
excessive bone resorption followed by
excessive fragile bone formation
Where is the most common site for Paget’s disease
lower spine
What is Osteosarcoma ?
malignant bone forming tumor
Osteomalacia happen in adults from lack of what?
Vitamin D
Osteomalacia is called what in children?
rickets
What is a risk factor for osteoporosis for women?
early menopause
What is Malunion?
fracure bones that heals out
What are the types of fractures?
communimuted fractures
transverse
longitudinal
olibque
spiral
greenstick
Muscle strains are caused by what?
abnormal contractions
Phases of bone healing (cancellous) - (4)
Cancellous fracture healing occurs through development of an internal callus
Rich blood supply prevents bone necrosis
Osteogenic cells in the trabeculae form the primary woven bone
Woven bone eventually replaced by lamellar bone
Phases of bone healing (cortical)- (4)
Cortical bone fracture tears blood vessels w/in haversian system
Clotting occurs at the fracture site
living bone replaces avascular bone via resorption & bone deposition
Callus formation makes new bone form at edges of periosteum
Remodeling occurs with replacement of mature lamellar bone
What is the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid athritis?
loss of articular cartilage for osteoarthritis, usually local and degeneative (common)
rheumatoid arthritis- malaise, fatigue, and diffue
What does SLE stand for?
Systemic Lupus
What is a hallmark of SLE?
butterflu rash
S/S of Ankylosing spondylitis are ? (4)
inflammation
stiffness
fusion of spinal joints
Gouty arthritis is an inadequate renal excretion of what?
uric acid
What causes gouty arthritis?
inadeguate renal excretion
What kind of inflammatory condition is rheumatoid arthritis?
systemic inflammatory condition
all characteristics of gout (4)
Disturbed uric acid metabolism
Crystalline deposits in bony and Connective tissue,
cardiac involvement,
Renal involvement
How is neuronal cell fate determined?
ATP depletion
What are two mechanisms of brain cell death?
anaerobic metabolism
deterioration of ion gradients
what are four types of herniation syndromes of the brain?
Subfalcine
Tentorial
Uncal
Tonsillar
What is Decorticate posturing?
abnormal flexion
What is decerebrate posturing?
abnormal extension
What is the oculovestibular reflex?
rotating head, but eyes rotate counter to direction of head.
what is the corneal reflex?
cotton touches cornea to make the eye blink
what are the three types of primary injury of TBI
focal
polar
diffuse
what are the three types of Intracranial hematomas
Epidural
Subdural
Subarachnoid
How is a ischemic thrombus caused by?
atherosclerosis
coagulations
What are ischemic emboli strokes caused by?
Cardiac dysfunction
dysrhythmias
TIA treatments?
daily aspirin
carotid endarterectomy
angioplasty
what is the functional tissue in the brain that is made up of the two types of brain cell, neurons and glial
brain parenchyma
What are the two types of cells that make up the brain parenchyma?
glial and neuronal
What are the two types of cells that make up the brain parenchyma?
glial and neuronal
What is homonymous hemianopsia?
contralateral field blindness of usually have the field of vision
When does homonymous hemianopsia appear?
motor and sensory deficits in strokes
Congenital defects of the medial layer of the artery is found where?
circle of Willis
What is another name for absences seizures?
grand mal
What are five types of seizures?
absence
atypical
myoclonic
atonic
tonic- clonic
Tonic-clonic is another word for what type of seizure?
grand mal
What is a the term for a none and some changes in consciousness during a seizure?
simple- no change
complex- change
what type of dementia is the most common?
alzheimers
what are four problems of alzheimer’s
degeneration of neurons in temp and frontal lobes
brain atrophy
amyloid plaques
neurofibrillary tangles
what is deficient in the brain with alzheimer’s
brain acetylcholine
vascular dementia risk factors
stroke, hypertension, and diabetes
What are some causes of spina bifida? (2)
environ factors like folate deficits
genetics
What are some symptoms of cerebellar disorders?
gait-balance problems
ataxia
hypotonia
tremors
What are three types of hydrocephalus?
normal pressure
obstructive
communicating
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis aka
Lou Gehrig
What does Guillain-Barré Syndrome affect?
demyelination of peripheral nervous system
What cells are Guillain-Barré Syndrome mediated by?
T and B cell mediated
What is Bell’s Palsy?
Idiopathic neuropathy of the facial nerve; paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face
What are three results of spinal cord injury?
spinal shock
neurogenic shock
autonomic dysreflexia
what is another name for a telescoping fracture?
impacted
Brodie abscess is caused by what?
Acute, subacute or chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis infection
What are early signs of Parkinson disease?
Minimal blinking
Loss of facial expression
Which is a pathophysiologic change that is consistent with Alzheimer disease?
Amyloid plaques
Neurofibrillary tangle
A motor vehicle accident has resulted in a fracture where the articular surfaces of the tibial surface and femoral condyles are no longer in contact with one another. Which term best describes this condition?
Dislocation
Symptoms such as headache, lethargy, mood alterations, and epigastric sensations occur during which phase of a seizure?
Prodromal
Symptoms such as headache, lethargy, mood alterations, and epigastric sensations occur during which phase of a seizure?
B cells
A client is diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis. Which assessment data support this diagnosis? (Select all that apply.)
Low back pain
18-year-old men
Which forms of muscular dystrophy are X-linked?
Duchenne
A 6-year-old boy presents with polyarthritis. His parents report no past medical history except for a sore throat 6 weeks previously. On physical examination, a murmur is noted. The assessment data support a diagnosis of
acute rheumatic fever
intracranial
headache
Which of the following is true about ischemic stroke? (Select all that apply.)
Has risk factors that include atherosclerosis
Can be a result of a hypercoagulable state
Which is a risk factor for cerebral palsy?
Prenatal infection
When viewed on x-ray, the bone has a linear fracture that occurs in a straight line across the bone. Which term best describes this type of fracture?
Transverse
A 60-year-old client reports pain in the knees. The client denies any previous infection or pain in the spine. The assessment data support a diagnosis of
Osteoarthritis
Lyme disease is caused by
Borrelia burgdorferi
What is the most common site for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the bone?
vertebral column
A 10-year-old boy has a metastatic lesion in the metaphyseal region of the femur that is referred to as
osteosarcoma
Which statement is true regarding systemic lupus erythematosus?
It is a chronic inflammatory disease.
A client is diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus. Which assessment data support this diagnosis?
African American female
Contractures of the fingers
Facial butterfly rash noted
Swelling and pain in knees
What is a common site for bone metastases to occur?
Vertebral bodies
What are the criteria for diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis? (Select all that apply.)
Simultaneous symmetric swelling of joints
Soft-tissue swelling of at least three joints
Subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules
Morning stiffness in joints
A patient exposed to herpes simplex virus has been exhibiting symptoms that suggest an inflammation of the brain. This type of infection is referred to as
Encephalitis
A client is diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis. Which assessment data support this diagnosis?
Low back pain
18-year-old men
A client is diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis. Which assessment data support this diagnosis?
Low back pain
18-year-old men
A client is diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis. Which assessment data support this diagnosis?
Low back pain
18-year-old men
A 60-year-old client reports pain in the knees. The client denies any previous infection or pain in the spine. The assessment data support a diagnosis of
Osteoarthritis
Gallstones are most common in who?
women more than men
what is a common type of osteomelitis
Hematogenous osteomyelitis
what is Hematogenous osteomyelitis?
bone infection that originates from another place such as S. aureus
A patient has osteoarthritis. Which principle is important for the clinician to remember?
This is a progressive, noninflammatory disease of weight- bearing joints.
Preventing hemorrhagic stroke
smoking and alcohol cessation
