Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 232 > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Transmission modes?

A
  1. Contact
  2. Vehicle
  3. Vector
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Types of contact?

A
  1. Direct contact: Kissing, touching, sex, mother to fetus
  2. Indirect contact: Fomites
  3. Droplets: Mucus droplets less than 1 meter (exhaling, sneezing coughing)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Vehicle transmission types (Air, water, food, fluids from body)

A
  1. Airborne (Aerosols): Dust or droplet goes father than a meter
  2. Waterborne
  3. Foodborne
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Vector types (Arthrpods, insects)

A
  1. Active transmitter
  2. Passive transmitter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Aerosols

A

Major vehicles for person to person transmission of resp diseases
- sneezing
- coughing
- talking
- breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do aerosols spread?

A

Person to person (direct)
Contaminated objects (indirect)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Microorganisms found in air are derived from:

A

Soil
water
plants
animals
people
surfaces
other sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How are airborne pathogens effectively transmitted?

A

between people over short distances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What pathogens survive well in dust or on fomites?

A
  1. Gram positive bacteria: due to thick cells walls
  2. Waxy layer of mycobacterium cell walls resists drying and promotes pathogen survival
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How big are infectious droplets?

A

About 10um in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the speed of a droplet?

A

100m/s in a violent sneeze
15 to 20m/s during coughing or sneezing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

number of bacteria in a single sneeze

A

10 to the 4 to 10 to the 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does air move in the lower respiratory tract?

A

Moves slowly, and particles stop moving and settle (large particles first then smaller)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Upper respiratory tract infections

A

acute and non-life threatening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lower respiratory infections

A

Often chronic and can be quite serious, especially in elderly or immunocompromised individuals such as bacterial or viral pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Secondary infection

A

Death of an elderly person from pneumonia following a severe case of influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are some illnesses transferred by direct contact

A

strep, cold virus, influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Upper resp tract airborne pathogens?

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Neisseria meningitis
streptococcus pyogenes
corynebacterium diphtheria
common cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lower tract pathogens

A

influenza
TB
immitis
pertussis
strep pneumonia
pneumonia viruses
Burnetil
chamydophila pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Streptococcal diseases transmitted by:

A

Airborne droplets
direct contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Most important human respiratory pathogens:

A

Streptococcus pyogenes: elongated chains, as do many other species of the genus.
Streptococcys pneumoniae: grow in pairs or short chains
* virulent strains produce an extensive polysaccharide capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Types of streptococci infections

A

Group A
Group B
Group C/G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Group A streptococcus (GAS)

A

Tends to affect the throat and the skin. (βhemolysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Group B streptococcus (GBS)

A

Can cause illness in people of all ages, though it can be particularly
severe in newborns, most commonly causing sepsis, pneumonia,
and meningitis. (αhemolysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Group C and G streptococcus

A

Most commonly live in animals such as horses and cattle and can
spread to humans through raw milk or contact with these animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is Hemolysin

A

are lipids and proteins that
cause the lysis of red blood cells and liberate hemoglobin by
disrupting the cell membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

A

The major species in the group A streptococci
* Upper respiratory tract microbe of
healthy adults
* A few serious infections are possible if
host defenses are weakened or a new,
highly virulent strain is encountered.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

S pyogenes is the cause of:

A

streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat)
* infections of the middle ear (otitis media)
* infection of mammary glands (mastitis)
* infections of the superficial layers of the skin called
impetigo
* streptococcal skin infection called erysipelas
* and other conditions linked to the aftereffects of
streptococcal infections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Strep throat symptoms

A

severe sore throat, enlarged tonsils , red spots on the soft palate,
tender cervical lymph nodes, a mild fever, general malaise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Untreated group A streptococcal infections can lead to serious
secondary diseases such as

A

scarlet fever
* rheumatic fever
* acute glomerulonephritis
* streptococcal toxic shock syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Clinical tools for quickly diagnosing strep throat include

A

Rapid antigen detection systems that contain antibodies specific for cell
surface proteins of S. pyogenes
* obtaining an actual culture of S. pyogenes from the throat or other
suspected lesion on a blood agar plate.
* results of a throat culture may take up to 48 h to process, and such a
delay in treatment can have adverse effects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Group A Streptococcal Syndromes

A

Viral encoded exotoxins are responsible for most of
the symptoms of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome
and scarlet fever.

32
Q

Toxic shock

A

esults when the activated T cells
secrete cytokines, which in turn activate large
numbers of macrophages and neutrophils,
causing severe inflammation and tissue
destruction.

33
Q

Scarlet Fever

A

signaled by a severe sore throat,
fever, and characteristic rash, is readily treatable
with antibiotics or may be self-limiting.

34
Q

necrotizing fasciitis

A

rapid and progressive disease resulting in
extensive destruction of subcutaneous tissue, muscle, and fat: “flesh-
eating bacteria.”

35
Q

What systemic infections are occasionally caused by Group A?

A

Cellulitis and necrotizing fascitis

36
Q

Celulitis

A

Skin infection in the subcutaneous laters

37
Q

What functions as superantigens to result in tissue destruction/fatalities?

A

Virus encoded exotoxins and cel surface M proteins

38
Q

Impetigo

A

Infections of the superficial layers of the skin

39
Q

Erysipelas

A

Streptococcal skin infections

40
Q

Untreated or insufficiently treated S. pyogenes

A

may lead to
other severe conditions 1 to 4 weeks after the onset of infection.

41
Q

Rheumatic fever is caused by?

A

rhuematogenic strains of S pyogenes

42
Q

Rheumatic fever

A

autoimmune complication due to the cross
reaction of antibodies directed against streptococcus with heart valve
and joint antigens, causing inflammation and tissue destruction.

43
Q

Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis;

A

a painful kidney disease.

44
Q

Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis develops how?

A

isease develops transiently when
streptococcal antigen–antibody complexes in the blood lodge in the
glomeruli (filtration membranes of the kidney) and cause inflammation,
a serious condition called nephritis.

45
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Causes invasive lung infections
* Typically as secondary infections to other
respiratory disorders.
* Encapsulated strains of S. pneumoniae are
virulent and invasive.

46
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae capsule

A
  1. enables the cells to resist phagocytosis
  2. generate a strong host inflammatory response
47
Q

Pneumonia results from

A

the accumulation of recruited phagocytic cells and fluid

48
Q

Cells of S. pneumoniae can then spread from the focus of infection as a

A

bacteremia
* infecting the bones
* Infecting middle ear
* Infecting heart valves (endocarditis)

49
Q

S. pneumoniae infection is often the cause of death

A

n elderly persons whose death is reported to be from “respiratory failure.”

50
Q

Older vaccine treatment for S. pneumoniae

A

An older vaccine
* widely used in adults
* consisted of a mixture of 23 capsular polysaccharides from the most prevalent pathogenic strains.
* is recommended for those over age 60, healthcare providers, individuals with compromised immunity, and any other high-risk population.

51
Q

Newer vaccine for S.Pneumoniae

A

A newer conjugate vaccine called PREVNAR 13®
* an update of the traditional vaccine.
* It is effective against the 13 S. pneumoniae strains most commonly seen today
* is recommended for adults age 50 or older.

52
Q

S. Pneumoniae treatment

A
  • S. pneumoniae infections typically respond to penicillin therapy
  • up to 30% of pathogenic isolates exhibit resistance to this penicillin.
  • Resistance to the antibiotics erythromycin and cefotaxime is also found
    in some strains
  • all strains have been found sensitive to vancomycin, an antibiotic held in
    reserve for treating pneumonia and several other bacterial diseases
    where antibiotic resistance is widespread.
53
Q

Diphtheria

A

a severe respiratory disease that typically infects young
children, caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae

54
Q

Diphtheria bacteria description

A

a gram-positive, nonmotile, and aerobic club-shaped bacterium
that forms small, smooth colonies on blood agar plates

55
Q

Pertussis

A

“Whooping Cough”
a serious respiratory disease that mostly affects children but
can cause serious respiratory disease in adults as well,
caused by Bordetella pertussis

56
Q

Pertussis bacteria description

A

a small, gram-negative, aerobic coccobacillus

57
Q

Cells of diphtheria

A

Cells of C. diphtheriae from airborne droplets
* Infecting the tissues of the throat and tonsils
and typically causing swelling of the neck.

58
Q

Pseudomembrane

A

Throat tissues respond to C.
diphtheriae infection by forming a characteristic
lesion consisting of damaged host cells and cells
of C. diphtheriae

59
Q

Pathogenic strains of C. Diphtheria

A

carry a lysogenic
bacteriophage whose genome encodes a powerful exotoxin
called diphtheria toxin that inhibits protein synthesis in the
host, leading to cell death.

60
Q

Death from diphtheria is due to a combination of

A
  1. partial suffocation by the pseudomembrane
  2. tissue destruction by diphtheria exotoxin
61
Q

Diphtheria Diagnosis

A

Nasal or throat swabs are used to inoculate blood agar containing tellurite or Loeffler’s medium, a selective medium that inhibits the growth of most other respiratory pathogens.

62
Q

Prevention of C. Diphtheria

A

a highly effective toxoid vaccine, part of the DTaP (diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, and acellular pertussis) vaccine
* Diphtheria is all but absent from developed countries where this vaccine is widely used.

63
Q

Treatment of Diphtheria

A

Penicillin, erythromycin, and gentamicin are effective treatments for diphtheria
* in life-threatening cases, diphtheria antitoxin (an antiserum to diphtheria toxoid produced in horses) may be administered in addition to antibiotic therapy.

64
Q

Pertussis

A

Acute, highly
infectious respiratory
disease
* Infants less than 6
months old (too young
to be vaccinated)
* highest incidence
of disease
* the most severe
symptoms.

65
Q

Cells of B pertussis

A

attach to ciliated host cells of the
respiratory tract
* Excrete pertussis exotoxin

66
Q

B pertussis produces

A

endotoxin, which may induce
some of the symptoms of whooping cough

67
Q

Whooping cough is characterized by:

A

characterized by a recurrent, violent
cough that can last up to 6 weeks.

68
Q

Where does the whooping sound come from?

A

Spasmodic coughing: a whooping sound results from the patient
inhaling deep breaths to obtain sufficient air.

69
Q

pertussis prevention

A

Vaccination protocols

70
Q

Treatment of pertussis

A
  • Whooping cough can be treated with ampicillin, tetracycline, or
    erythromycin
  • The immune response is as important as antibiotics in ridding the
    pathogen from the body.
71
Q

Mycobacterium TB was discovered by

A

Robert Koch, the founder of the field of medical
microbiology, isolated and described the
causative agent of tuberculosis, in 1882

72
Q

Mycobacterium Leprae

A

causes leprosy (Hansen’s disease)

73
Q

Mycobacteria are

A

gram positive bacteria
acid fast from waxy mycotic acid constituent of their cell walls

74
Q

Mycolic acid allows organisms

A

retain the red dye
carbol-fuchsin after a mycobacterial smear on a slide is
washed in 3% hydrochloric acid in alcohol.

75
Q

Colonies of M. tuberculosis grow

A

Slowly on plates and have a
characteristically wrinkled morphology.

76
Q

Primary infection TB

A

Results from inhalation of droplets containing M.
tuberculosis, after which the bacteria settle in the lungs
and grow.

77
Q

Tuburcles

A

The host mounts an immune response to M.
tuberculosis, resulting in the formation of aggregates of
activated macrophages

78
Q

postprimary infection (reinfection)

A

In most individuals the infection is asymptomatic.
* The infection
* hypersensitizes the individual to M. tuberculosis
* typically protects the individual against postprimary infections

Bio 232 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions