Week 1/2 Flashcards
What are Microbial Cells
living compartments that interact with the environment and with other cells in dynamic ways
Cytoplasmic Membrane
All cells have a permeability barrier that separates the inside of the cell, the cytoplasm, from the outside.
Cytoplasm
An aqueous mixture of macromolecules (e.g.proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides), small organic molecules (mostly the precursors of macromolecules), various inorganic ions, and ribosomes.
Ribosomes
The structures responsible for protein synthesis.
Cell wall
The cell wall is a relatively permeable structure located outside the cytoplasmic membrane and is a much stronger layer than the membrane itself.
Cell types based on cellular organization
- Eukaryotic cell structure
- prokaryotic cell structure
Eukaryotic Cell (where are they found?)
Are found in a group of organisms called the Eukarya.
a) plants
b) animals
c) diverse microbial eukaryotes
* Algae
* Protozoa
* Fungi
Organelles
Eukaryotic cells contain an assortment of membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic structures called organelles
Prokaryotic Cell (where are they found)
- Is found within two different groups of organisms
- Bacteria
- Archaea
Genome
The genome is the living blueprint of an organism; the characteristics, activities, and very survival of a cell are governed by its genome. The full set of genes in a cell
Gene
*a segment of DNA that encodes a protein or
an RNA molecule.
Chromosomes:
(organization)
*The genomes of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are organized into structures called chromosomes.
Metabolism
- Nutrients are acquired from the environment and transformed
into new cellular materials and waste products.
Energy is used to support synthesis of new structures
Cell division
- Production of these new structures culminates in the division
of the cell to form two cells. - Microbial growth results from successive rounds of cell
division.
Proteins
- Genes are decoded to form proteins that regulate cellular processes.
Enzymes
- Those proteins that have catalytic activity, carry out reactions that supply energy and perform biosynthesis within the cell.
Gene expression
- Enzymes and other proteins are synthesized during gene expression in the sequential processes of transcription and translation.
Transcription
- The process by which the information encoded in DNA sequences is copied into an RNA molecule
Translation
- The process whereby the information in an RNA molecule is used by a ribosome to synthesize a protein.
DNA replication
- Microbial growth requires replication of the genome through the process of DNA replication, followed by cell division.
- All cells carry out the processes of transcription, translation, and DNA replication.