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Bio 232 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Morphology

A

Cell size and shape.

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2
Q

Why is shape useful?

A

useful for distinguishing different microbial
cells

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3
Q

Micrometer

A

(μm or micron) is one-millionth of a meter in length.

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4
Q

What sizes are prokaryotic ranging between

A

Ranging between 0.5 and 10 in μm length, but prokaryotic cells can vary widely in size.

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5
Q

Smallest and largest prokaryotic

A

The smallest prokaryotic cells are about 0.2 μm in diameter and the largest can be more than 600 μm long.

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6
Q

Size range of eukaryotic cells

A

Between 5 and 100 μm in length

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7
Q

Smallest and largest eukaryotic size

A

The smallest eukaryotic microorganism known is about 0.8 μmin diameter
* The largest eukaryotic cells can be many centimeters in length.

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8
Q

What is cell size influenced by

A

cell structure

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9
Q

how do eukaryotic cells transport things

A

actively transport mlcls and macromlcls within the cytoplasm

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10
Q

how do prokaryotic cells transport things

A

Rely on diffusion for transport through the cytoplasm and this
limits their size.

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11
Q

when does the rate of diffusion increase

A

as the square of the distance
traveled

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12
Q

Epulopiscium fishelsoni

A

found in the gut of the surgeonfish, can be more than 75μm wide and 600μm long.

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13
Q

How many genomes does Epulopiscium fishelsoni have

A

has more than 10,000 copies of its genome distributed throughout its cytoplasm, thereby preventing diffusional limitation between the genome and any region of the cytoplasm.

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14
Q

Thiomargarita

A

The sulfur-oxidizing chemolithotroph
* about 750 μm in diameter

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15
Q

What does the S/V ratio control

A
  • How fast it grows (its growth rate)
  • Shape
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16
Q

what does cellular growth rate depend on

A

on the rate at which cells
exchange nutrients and waste products with their environment.

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17
Q

Coccus

A

A cell that is spherical or ovoid in morphology (plural, cocci).

18
Q

Rod or a bacillus

A

A cylindrically shaped cell (plural, bacilli)

19
Q

Spirillum

A

A spiral-shaped cell (plural, spirilla)

20
Q

Vibrio

A

A cell that is slightly curved and comma-shaped.

21
Q

Spirochete

A

A special kind of organism that has a spiral shape but which differs from spirilla because the cells of spirochetes are flexible, whereas cells of spirilla are rigid.

22
Q

Appendages

A

such as stalks and hyphae, are used by some cells for attachment or to increase surface area.

23
Q

Diplococci

A

cocci occur in pairs

24
Q

Streptococci

A

form long chains

25
Q

Tetrads or sarcinae

A

occur in three-dimensional cubes,

26
Q

Staphylococci

A

occur in grapelike clusters

27
Q

Filamentous bacteria

A

long, thin, rod-shaped bacteria that divide terminally and then form
long filaments composed of many cells attached end to end.

28
Q

All known cellular organisms belong to these 3 domains

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

29
Q

What kind of structure does bacteria have

A

prokaryotic cell structure
Undifferentiated single cells with a length that ranges from 0.5 to 10μm.
* Diverse in appearance, size, and function.
* Most bacteria are unicellular
* Some bacteria can differentiate to form multiple cell types and others
are even multicellular (for example, Magnetoglobus).

30
Q

More than 90% of cultivated bacteria belong to one of only four phyla:

A
  • Actinobacteria
  • Firmicutes
  • Proteobacteria
  • Bacteroidetes.
31
Q

The domain Archaea consists of five described phyla:

A

Euryarchaeota
* Crenarchaeota
* Thaumarchaeota
* Nanoarchaeota
* Korarchaeota

32
Q

Viruses

A

the most abundant microbes on
Earth: the population of viruses estimated to
outnumber bacterial and archaeal cells by a
factor of 10.

33
Q

Virology

A

the study of viruses

34
Q

why are viruses not found on the tree of life?

A

can multiply only inside a living cell, called the host cell.

35
Q

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites:

A
  1. host cell for energy
  2. metabolic intermediates
  3. protein synthesis
36
Q

Virion

A

structurally intricate
extracellular form

37
Q

Infection

A

Viruses cannot reproduce unless the
virion itself, or in some cases its genome only,
has gained entry into a suitable growing host
cell

38
Q

Virions purpose

A
  1. protects the viral genome when the virus is outside
    the host cell
  2. proteins on the virion surface are important in
    attaching it to its host cell.
39
Q

Lytic pathway

A

The virus may replicate
and destroy the host in
a virulent infection via
a lytic pathway

40
Q

Lysogenic Pathway

A

the host cell is not
destroyed and the viral
genome becomes part
of the host genome.

Bio 232 (9 decks)

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