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Bio 232 > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is immunity?

A

The ability of an organism to resist infection

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2
Q

What are the 2 pronged defense systems the human body employs?

A

Innate immunity and adaptive immunity

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3
Q

What is innate immunity

A

The non inducible and pre existing ability of the body to recognize and destroy a broad range of pathogens or their products

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4
Q

What does innate immunity depend on?

A

Depending on the virulence of the pathogen, the infectious dose, and the immune competence of the individual, innate mechanisms alone may be insufficient to eliminate the pathogen

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5
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

The acquired ability to recognize and destroy a specific pathogen or its products

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6
Q

How long does it take for an innate response to develop?

A

Several hours

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7
Q

What does innate immunity NOT require?

A

Previous exposure to the pathogen

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8
Q

How are Eukaryotes functionally similar to innate immunity?

A

functionally similar pathogen recognition mechanisms that lead to rapid and effective host defences

example: Fruit flys and humans use immune cells that show structural and evolutionary homology

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9
Q

What does Innate immunity consist of?

A

a) A variety of physical and chemical barriers to infection
b) Largely dependent on the activity of phagocytes

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10
Q

What are phagocytes

A

Cells that ingest, kill and digest microbial pathogens

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11
Q

Examples of phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Eosinophils

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12
Q

What are some cells of the innate immune system?

A

Mast cells, basophils, NK cells

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13
Q

What do mast cells/basophils do?

A

trigger inflammation when activated

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14
Q

What do NK cells do?

A

identify and destroy infected host cells

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15
Q

What are antigens?

A

A particular strain of pathogen or type of foreign material

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16
Q

How long does an adaptive response take to develop?

A

Several days

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17
Q

What increases the strength of the adaptive response?

A

Increase in the number of antigen-reactive lymphocytes (highly specific)

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18
Q

What is immune memory?

A

The ability of the lymphocytes to quickly respond after subsequent exposure to a previously encountered pathogen

19
Q

What does adaptive Immunity consist of?

A

Antigen presenting cells, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes

20
Q

What do T lymphocytes/B lymphocytes do?

A

T lymphocytes (T cells): play a key role in initiating the adaptive
response
The B lymphocyte (B cell), also presents antigen to T cells.

21
Q

What do differentiated B cells do?

A

Specialize in the production of antigen specific proteins called antibodies which bind the pathogen and mark it for destruction

22
Q

What are epitopes

A

Presented antigen peptides that bind specific receptors on the surface, triggering the expression of genes that cause the lymphocytes to proliferate and differentiate

23
Q

Examples of Innate (nonspecific) defences?

A

First line defenses
Phagocytosis
Inflammation
Complement system

24
Q

Examples of Adaptive (specific) defenses?

A

Humoral immunity
cell mediated immunity
Antigen processing and presentation

25
Q

What is normal microbiota?

A

Critically important for resisting pathogen infection, especially on the skin and in the mucosal tissues of the GI, resp, and reproductive tracts

26
Q

How do Abx disrupt the normal microbiota composition?

A

nonspecifically kill harmless and even
beneficial microbes in the body, to trigger the onset of disease by opportunistic pathogens.

27
Q

In what ways do resistance factors inhibit infection?

A

nonspecific ways

28
Q

what ways can a pathogen cause disease in a host?

A
  1. General condition of the host
  2. Route of infection
  3. Susceptibility of the host
  4. Endothermic to Ectothermic
29
Q

What is anthrax?

A

a disease caused by germ that lives in soil found in many specifies of animals can range from fatal blood poisoning in cattle to mild pustules of human cutaneous anthrax

30
Q

What does anthrax do?

A

Anthrax causes a localized infection when acquired through the skin but a
lethal, systemic infection when acquired through the mucous membranes of the
lungs.

31
Q

What is tissue specificity?

A

Most pathogens must adhere to and colonize the site of exposure to
initiate infection.
* But the organisms cannot colonize the host if the site is not compatible
with the pathogen’s nutritional and metabolic needs.

32
Q

What is host specificity?

A

a) Pathogens that interact exclusively with members of a few closely related host species
b) Many other pathogens exhibit tissue specificity to such a degree that
they infect only a single species.

33
Q

Aids & Tissue/cell infected? Pathogen?

A

T helper lymphocytes, HIV

34
Q

Botulism & tissue/cell infected? Pathogen?

A

Motor end plate, Clostridium Botulinum

35
Q

Cholera & tissue/cell infected? Pathogen?

A

Small intestine epithelium, vibrio cholerae

36
Q

Dental Caries & tissue/cell infected? Pathogen?

A

Oral epithelium, strep, s sobrinus, s mitis

37
Q

Diphtheria & tissue/cell infected? Pathogen?

A

Throat epithelium, Corynebacterium diphtheria

38
Q

Gonorrhea & tissue/cell infected? Pathogen?

A

Mucosal epithelium, Neisseria gonorrhoeae

39
Q

Influenza & tissue/cell infected? Pathogen?

A

Respiratory epithelium, influenza A and B

40
Q

Malaria & tissue/cell infected? Pathogen?

A

Blood (erythromycin) plasmodium spp.

41
Q

Pyelonephritis & tissue/cell infected? Pathogen?

A

Kidney medulla, proteus spp.

42
Q

Soon abortion & tissue/cell infected? Pathogen?

A

Placenta, brucella abortus

43
Q

Tetanus & tissue/cell infected? Pathogen?

A

Inhibitory interneuron, clostridium tetani

Bio 232 (9 decks)

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