Week 8

Question 1

protein kinase

Answer 1

an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein and making a conformational change

Question 2

cAMP

Answer 2

low glucose = high cAMP = high transcription
high glucose = low cAMP = no transcription
second messenger

Question 3

steroid hormone receptors

Answer 3

the steroid hormone binds to the receptor protein and turns into a hormone-receptor complex, then enters the nucleus and acts as a transcription factor to create a new protein
steroid hormones can only pass the plasma membrane because they have a transmembrane protein as their receptor molecule on the cell surface

Question 4

protein phosphatase

Answer 4

removes the phosphate from a protein

Question 5

growth factor

Answer 5

need for growing and dividing

Question 6

g-protein coupled receptors

Answer 6

GDP binds to the receptor, changing it to GTP, and then GTP can bind to the enzyme to get a response where it is changed back to GDP so the process can continue

Question 7

second messangers

Answer 7

can rapidly diffuse around the cell and bind to proteins to cause a conformational change

Question 8

s phase

Answer 8

DNA synthesis, DNA is replicated to form sister chromatids

Question 9

G2 phase

Answer 9

a gap with a checkpoint to ensure DNA synthesis is complete

Question 10

prophase

Answer 10

chromosomes condense

Question 11

metaphase

Answer 11

chromosomes align

Question 12

anaphase

Answer 12

chromosomes move to poles

Question 13

telophase

Answer 13

nuclei reform

Question 14

cytokinesis

Answer 14

cell division and separation

Question 15

diploid cells

Answer 15

have 2 complete sets of chromosomes (2n)
human somatic cells have 23 pairs of homologs; 2n=46

Question 16

centromere

Answer 16

where the two sister chromatids attach

Question 17

microtubules

Answer 17

attach at the centromere by a kinetochore on each side of the sister chromatids, pulls sister chromatids apart so there’s the same genetic material in each of the daughter cells

Question 18

dicentric chromosome

Answer 18

chromosome with two centromeres; causes each centromere to randomly attach to spindles, leading to problems with chromosome segregation (not equal amounts of genes in each daughter cell because the chromatids are randomly broken apart)

Question 19

G1 checkpoint

Answer 19

checks to make sure DNA was replicated, if the cell passes the checkpoint, it can continue to cell division, if not it stays in the G0 phase

Question 20

G0 phase

Answer 20

no cell division

Question 21

M checkpoint

Answer 21

when all chromosomes are correctly attached to poles, anaphase can start where they actually move to the poles

Question 22

aneuploid cells

Answer 22

when daughter cells do not inherit the correct number of chromosomes, caused when the anaphase checkpoint fails

Question 23

euploid cells

Answer 23

have the correct number of chromosomes

Question 24

karyotype

Answer 24

complete complement of chromosomes present in the cell

Question 25

cyclins

Answer 25

cell cycle is controlled by these regulators