Chapter 9

Question 1

fermentation

Answer 1

a catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, like ethyl alcohol or lactic acid

Question 2

aerobic respiration

Answer 2

a catabolic pathway for organic molecules, axing oxygen as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain and ultimately producing ATP; most efficient catabolic pathway

Question 3

cellular respiration

Answer 3

the catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP

Question 4

redox reactions

Answer 4

involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another

Question 5

oxidation

Answer 5

loss of electrons from one substance

Question 6

reduction

Answer 6

addition of electrons to another substance

Question 7

reducing agent

Answer 7

electron donor

Question 8

oxidizing agent

Answer 8

accepts the donated electron

Question 9

electron transport chain

Answer 9

a sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP; in mitochondria in the inner membrane (cristae); electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain and are finally passed to O2, forming H2O; each electron transfer event is exergonic, so we can couple it to an endergonic reaction

Question 10

stages of cellular respiration

Answer 10

1. glycolysis
2. pyruvate oxidation / citric acid cycle
3. oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport and chemiosmosis)

Question 11

glycolysis

Answer 11

occurs in the cytosol, series of reactions that splits 1 molecule of glucose into first 2 G3P and then 2 pyruvate, 2 water, first 2 ADP and then 2 ATP, first 2 NAD+ and then 2 NADH, and 2 H+

Question 12

citric acid cycle

Answer 12

occurs within the mitochondrion, lose 2 CO2 and 2 acetyl CoA, gain 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn and it turns twice to gain 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2

Question 13

oxidative phosporylation

Answer 13

in mitochondria where the electron transport chain (in the inner membrane (cristae)) is, where 28 of the 32 ATP molecules come from

Question 14

substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 14

the enzyme catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism

Question 15

pyruvate oxidation

Answer 15

upon entering the mitochondrion via active transport, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, and then the citric acid cycle begins

Question 16

chemiosmosis

Answer 16

exergonic redox reactions in the electron transport chain are couples to the endergonic pumping of protons (H+) up a concentration gradient from the mitochondrial matrix to the inter-membrane space, creating a proton motive force

Question 17

alcohol fermentation

Answer 17

pyruvate is converted to ethanol (ethyl alcohol) by releasing CO2 from the pyruvate and converting it to acetaldehyde, and then NADH reducing acetaldehyde to ethanol, which regenerates the supply of NAD+ to continue glycolysis

Question 18

lactic acid fermentation

Answer 18

pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of CO2

Question 19

obligate anaerobes

Answer 19

carry out ONLY fermentation or anaerobic respiration

Question 20

facultative anaerobes

Answer 20

can make enough ATP to survive using either fermentation or respiration