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Principles of Biology > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

transformation

A

the process by which a cell in culture acquires the ability to divide indefinitely, similar to the division of cancer cells

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2
Q

bacteriophage

A

a virus that infects bacteria; also called phage

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3
Q

virus

A

an infectious particle incapable of replicating outside a cell, consisting of an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat (capsid), and some by a membranous envelope

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4
Q

antiparallel

A

referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbone in a DNA double helix (run in opposite 5’ to 3’ directions)

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5
Q

DNA replication

A

DNA molecule is copied

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6
Q

semiconservative model

A

type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the parental molecule, and one newly made strand

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7
Q

origin of replication

A

site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides

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8
Q

replication fork

A

a y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized

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9
Q

helices

A

an enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks, separating the two strands and making them available as template strands

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10
Q

single-strand binding protein

A

a protein that binds to the unpaired DNA strands during DNA replication, stabilizing them and holding them apart while they serve as template for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA

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11
Q

topoisomerase

A

a protein that breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands, helps relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork during DNA replication

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12
Q

primer

A

a short polynucleotide with a free 3’ end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand and elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication

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13
Q

primase

A

an enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make a primer during DNA replication, using the parental DNA strand as a template

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14
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA (eg. at a replication fork) by the addition of nucleotides to the 3’ end of an existing chain

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15
Q

leading strand

A

the new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the 5’ to 3’ direction

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16
Q

lagging strand

A

a discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction away from the replication fork

17
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

a short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication; many segments are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA

18
Q

DNA ligase

A

a linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3’ end of one DNA fragment (eg. an Okazaki fragment) to the 5’ end of another DNA fragment (eg. a growing DNA chain)

19
Q

mismatch repair

A

the cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides

20
Q

nuclease

A

an enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA, either removing one or a few bases or hydrolyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its component nucleotides

21
Q

nucleotide excision repair

A

a repair system that removes and then correctly replaces a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide

22
Q

telomere

A

the tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome’s DNA molecule; protect the organism’s genes from being eroded during successive rounds of replication

23
Q

chromatin

A

complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes; when the cell is not dividing, exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers

24
Q

euchromatin

A

the less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription

25
Q

heterochromatin

A

eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed

Principles of Biology (12 decks)

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