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Principles of Biology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cytosol

A

jellylike substance in which sub cellular components are suspended inside all cells

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2
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

most DNA is in the nucleus bounded by a double membrane

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3
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

DNA is concentrated in a region that is not membrane-enclosed called the nucleoid

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4
Q

cytoplasm

A

the interior of all cells/the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

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5
Q

plasma membrane

A

at the boundary of every cell, functions as a selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell

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6
Q

nucleus

A

contains most of the genes in a eukaryotic cell

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7
Q

nuclear envelope

A

encloses the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm

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8
Q

nuclear lamina

A

lines the nuclear side of the envelope, a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope

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9
Q

chromosomes

A

discrete units where DNA is organized

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10
Q

chromatin

A

the complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes

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11
Q

nucleolus

A

structure in the nucleus consisting of chromosomal regions containing rRNA genes and ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm; site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly

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12
Q

ribosomes

A

made of ribosomal RNAs and proteins, carry out protein synthesis

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13
Q

end-membrane system

A

includes the nuclear envelope, the ER, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles and vacuoles, and the plasma membrane

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14
Q

vesicles

A

a membrane-bound sac in or outside a cell, helps transport

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15
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome free (smooth) regions

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16
Q

smooth ER

A

outer surface lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs and poisons, and stores calcium ions

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17
Q

rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes on the outer surface, makes secretory proteins like glycoproteins (proteins with carbohydrates covalently bonded to them)

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18
Q

transport vesicles

A

transports things from one part of the cell to another

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19
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

consists of a group of associated, flattened, membranous sacs; a warehouse for receiving, sorting, shipping, and some manufacturing; cis face is the receiving side; trans face is the shipping side

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20
Q

lysosomes

A

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that many eukaryotic cells use to digest macromolecules

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21
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell eating by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles

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22
Q

vacuoles

A

large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi apparatus

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23
Q

food vacuoles

A

formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used as food by the cell

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24
Q

contractile vacuoles

A

pump excess water out of the cell

25
Q

central vacuole

A

in a mature plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth, storage, and sequestration of toxic substances

26
Q

mitochondria

A

sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that uses oxygen to drive the generation of ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels

27
Q

chloroplasts

A

found in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis, the process of converting solar energy to chemical energy

28
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

the theory that states that an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells (a host cell) engulfed an oxygen using nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell. eventually, the engulfed cell formed a relationship with the host cell in which it was enclosed, becoming an endosymbiont (a cell living within another cell). indeed, over the course of evolution, the host cell and its endosymbiont merged into a single organism, a eukaryotic cell with the endosymbiont having become a mitochondrion. at least one of these cells may have then taken up a photosynthetic prokaryote, becoming the ancestor of eukaryotic cells that contain chloroplasts

29
Q

cristae

A

the inner membrane infoldings, gives the inner mitochondrial membrane a large surface area, thus enhancing the productivity of cellular respiration

30
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

contains many different enzymes as well as mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes

31
Q

chloroplasts

A

contain the green pigment chlorophyll along with enzymes and other molecules that function in the photosynthetic production of sugar

32
Q

thylakoids

A

membranous system in the form of flattened, interconnected sacs

33
Q

granum

A

each stack of thylakoids in chloroplasts

34
Q

stroma

A

fluid outside the thylakoids, which contains the chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and many enzymes

35
Q

peroxisome

A

an organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide

36
Q

cytoskeleton

A

a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

37
Q

motor protein

A

interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell

38
Q

mictrotubules

A

hollow rods constructed from globular proteins called tubulins that shape and support the cell, in all eukaryotic cells

39
Q

centrosome

A

in animal cells where microtubules grow out from

40
Q

centrioles

A

a pair within the centrosome, each composed of nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring

41
Q

flagella and cilia

A

in some eukaryotic cells, cellular extensions that contain microtubules to help the cell move

42
Q

basal body

A

in eukaryotic cells, organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum and is structurally very similar to a centriole

43
Q

dynein

A

in cilia and flagella, a large motor protein extending from one microtubule doublet to the adjacent doublet. ATP hydrolysis drives chance in dynein shape that lead to the bending of cilia and flagella.

44
Q

microfilaments

A

thin solid rods built from molecules of actin (a globular protein), can form structural networks when certain proteins bind along the side of such a filament and allow a new filament to extend as a branch

45
Q

cortex

A

outer region of cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell lying just under the plasma membrane that as a more gel-like consistency than the inner regions due to the presence of multiple microfilaments

46
Q

myosin

A

a type of motor protein that associates into filaments that interact with actin filaments to cause cell contraction

47
Q

pseudopodia

A

a cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding

48
Q

cytoplasmic streaming

A

a circular flow of cytoplasm, involving interactions of myosin and acting filaments, that speeds up the distribution of materials within cells

49
Q

intermediate filaments

A

a component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments

50
Q

cell wall

A

extracellular structure of plant cells, protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water

51
Q

primary cell wall

A

in plants, a relatively thin and flexible layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of a young cell

52
Q

middle lamella

A

in plants, a thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young cells

53
Q

secondary plant wall

A

in plant cells, a strong and durable matrix that is often deposited in several laminated layers around the plasma membrane and provides protection and support

54
Q

extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

the meshwork surrounding animal cells, consisting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by cells

55
Q

collagen

A

a glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone, the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom

56
Q

proteoglycan

A

a large molecule consisting of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains attached. found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells, may consist of up to 95% carbohydrate

57
Q

fibronectin

A

an extracellular glycoprotein secreted by animal cells that helps them attach to the extracellular matrix

58
Q

integrin

A

in animal cells, a transmembrane receptor protein with two subunits that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton

59
Q

plasmodesma

A

an open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing water, small solutes, and some larger molecules to pass between the cells

Principles of Biology (12 decks)

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