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Pharmacology ex.1 > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

IgE antibodies bind to an immune cell called __________

A

mast cells

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2
Q

Mast cells dump antibodies and activate ________ receptors

A

histamine 1

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3
Q

allergic rhinitis is called __________

A

hay fever

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4
Q

Allergic rhinitis meds:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. antihistamines
  2. nasal glucocorticoids
  3. decongestants
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5
Q

First Gen Antihistamines:
1.
2.
3

A
  1. Diphenhydramine
  2. Hydroxyzine
  3. Promethazine
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6
Q

Second Gen Antihistamines:
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Loratadine
  2. Cetirizine
  3. Desloratadine
  4. Fexofenadine
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7
Q

First gen antihistamines are prescribed for ______, _____, ____, _______, ______, and _______

A

allergic reaction, motion sickness, cough, insomnia, itching and extrapyramidal symptoms

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8
Q

Second gen antihistamines are more selective to histamine receptors and do not easily cross the blood brain barrier?

A

True

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9
Q

Second gen antihistamines are prescribed for __________

A

allergic rhinitis

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10
Q

Antihistamine block ________ from binding to histamine 1 receptors

A

histamine (prevent allergic rhinitis)

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11
Q

First gen antihistamines cross the blood brain barrier and block ________

A

histamine

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12
Q

Histamine in the brain maintains ___________

A

wakefulness

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13
Q

First gen antihistamines and __________ interaction should be limited

A

CNS depressants

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14
Q

First gen antihistamines
block acetylcholine
and causes ________ effects

A

anticholinergic

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15
Q

Nasal glucocorticoids meds:
1.
2.

A
  1. fluticasone
  2. mometasone
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16
Q

glucocorticoids prevent the immune system from creating _________

A

inflammation

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17
Q

nasal glucocorticoid HYC:
1. Time Frame- Its take about one ____ to reach maximal effect

  1. Nose Bleeds: Drys the nasal mucosa and lead to ______
  2. Administration: ______ and prime if its been a long time
A
  1. week
  2. bloody nose (epistaxis)
  3. shake
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18
Q

Decongestant Meds:
1.
2.

A
  1. phenylephrine
  2. pseudoephedrine
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19
Q

Alpha 1 receptors cause _________

A

vasoconstriction

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20
Q

phenylephrine and pseudoephedrine activate _______ receptors

A

alpha 1

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21
Q

Decongestant HYC:
1. Increased sympathetic stimulation - CNS effects include ____, ______, ____, ____. Cardiac effect include _______, and _______.

  1. Illegal use - pseudoephedrine is a key ingredient in making ___________
A
  1. CNS effect - headache, insomnia, poor appetite, jitteriness.
    Cardiac effect - hypertension, and tachycardia
  2. crystal methamphetamine (limits to how much you can buy and some states require a prescription)
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22
Q

Client with hypertension or cardiac disease should avoid ________

A

decongestants

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23
Q

the most common dysrhythmia is ______ fibrillation

A

atrial

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24
Q

_____ wave should be at th start of every heartbeat

A

P

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25
Q

chaotic heart rhythm can cause blood to get trapped in the ________, which forms blood clots

A

atria

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26
Q

Blood clot can float away and get stuck in the brain vessels, causing a ________

A

clot

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27
Q

Digoxin is an important medication for ___________

A

atrial fibrillation

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28
Q

________ is class III and prescribed for many dysrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation

A

Amiodarone

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29
Q

Amoidarone blocks _______ channels in the heart. It also blocks _________, _______ and _______

A

potassium
sodium channel,
beta receptors,
calcium channel

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30
Q

Amoidarone is ______ soluble and has a _______ half life

A

lipid, long

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31
Q

Patient taking Amoidarone develop:
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. lung problem
  2. Liver issues
  3. thyroid problems
  4. eye problems
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32
Q

Baseline testing of the _______, _____, ______, ______ is good to preform before beginning long term amiodarone therapy

A

lungs, liver, thyroid, eyes

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33
Q

Amiodarone and other dysrhythmia meds can cause ________ heart problems or create new ones

A

worsen

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34
Q

Adenosine rapidly convert ______ into normal sinus rhythm

A

SVT

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35
Q

Adenosine _______ electrical activity in the SA and AV nodes

A

slows

36
Q

Adenosine has a very _______ half life.

A

short

37
Q

Adenosine must be pushed in _______ secs and _______ immediately afterwards

A

1-2, flush (rapid push cause heart to reset

38
Q

angina pectoris is _______ pain

A

chest

39
Q

imbalance between the supply and demand of oxygen is called ________

A

ischemia

40
Q

T/F: Stable gain occurs when a client has complete blockage of a coronary artery

A

False: partial block

41
Q

The client feel no pain at rest but feels pain during physical of emotional stress is called ________

A

stable

42
Q

In _________ plaques in a coronary artery suddenly rupture.

A

unstable angina

43
Q

a small clot partially occludes the vessel in __________

A

unstable angina

44
Q

Unstable angina can happen at any time and is considered a medical ________. It can progress to a heart attack.

A

emergency

45
Q

Variant angina clients have coronary arteries that ________

A

spasm

46
Q

T/F: Variant angina can happen while clients are resting or sleeping

A

T

47
Q

Angina pain occurs beneath the ________. The pain feels like ________ and pain radiates to the _______ arm and jaw.

A
  1. sternum,
  2. squeezing,
  3. left
48
Q

Anginal ischemia and pain meds:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Nitrates
  2. Beta - blockers
  3. Calcium channel blockers
49
Q

Nitrates Meds:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. nitroglycerin
  2. Isosorbide mononitrate
  3. Isosorbide denigrate
50
Q

Nitroglycerin is available as ________, _______, ______, ________, _______ and _______

A

sublingual tablets, translingual sprays, oral capsules, transdermal patches, topical ointment and IV injection

51
Q

Nitrates are prescribed for ______ and _______

A
  1. angina pectoris,
  2. acute heart attacks
52
Q

The body converts nitrates to _________

A

nitric oxide

53
Q

Nitric oxide is turned into ________

A

cyclic GMP

54
Q

Cyclic GMP causes _________, and _________

A

therapeutic effect, vasodilation

55
Q

less blood to pump means the heart needs less ________

A

oxygen

56
Q

Nitrates HYCs:
1) ______________: widespread dilation causes……

  1. __________: the most common side effect. Aspirin or acetaminophen will help stop it……
  2. _____________: Take med at the _________ of chest pain and let it dissolve. If pain is still present after ______ min, call 911. After another 5 min, if pain persist take another pill. This equals a total of ____ pills
A
  1. orthostatic hypotension
  2. headache
  3. teaching for sublingual nitroglycerin: beginning, 5, 3.
57
Q

Nitrates come in a special storage container that protects the meds from ________

A

moisture

58
Q

Clients need _______ hrs of drug free time if taking capsule or using transdermal formulations

A

8

59
Q

Clients cannot take nitrates and ___________ drugs. It causes life threatening __________.

A
  1. erectile dysfunction
  2. hypotension
60
Q

High cholesterol and high blood pressure can lead to the buildup of fatty streaks in arteries called ____________

A

atherosclerosis

61
Q

High density protein is mostly _________

A

protein

62
Q

Low density protein (LDL) is mostly __________ but contains some ___________

A
  1. cholesterol
  2. protein
63
Q

Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) is made almost completely out of _________ and ___________

A
  1. cholesterol
  2. triglycerides
64
Q

Types of cholesterol from worst to best:
__________, _________, _________

A
  1. VLDL
  2. LDL
  3. HDL
65
Q

____________ changes are the most important approach to managing cholesterol

A

fatty lipid diet

66
Q

Cholesterol Meds:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6

A
  1. HMG- CoA reductase Inhibitors (statins)
  2. Cholesterol absorption inhibitors
  3. vibrates
  4. Bile- acid sequestrates
  5. Monoclonal antibodies
  6. Vitamin B3 (niacin)
67
Q

Statin Meds:
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Atorvastatin
  2. Lovastatin
  3. Rosuvastatin
  4. Simvastatin
68
Q

Statin are prescribed to help prevent __________ and _______

A

heart attacks, and strokes

69
Q

Partway through the cholesterol formation process, a molecule called _________ is formed

A

HMG- CoA

70
Q

After HMG-CoA is formed an enzyme called ___________ chops off part of it, leaving something called ___________

A
  1. HMH-CoA reductase
  2. mevalonate
71
Q

Mevalonate is an essential building block for _________

A

cholesterol

72
Q

___________ block the action of the enzyme ___________ and halt the formation of cholesterol.

A
  1. statins
  2. HMG- CoA reductase
73
Q

Statins HYC:
1. _____________: Elevated liver enzymes occur in about 0.5% to 2%

A

hepatotoxicity

74
Q

Statins HYC:
2: Muscle aches and pain associated with statins is called ___________

A

myopathy

75
Q

Statin HYC:
Myopathy can progress to ___________. Causes Damage to the __________. A key sign is _______ urine.

A
  1. rhabdomyolysis
    2.kidney
  2. dark
76
Q

Prescriber may want to order a ______ level if client on statin has muscle pain or dark urine

A

CK

77
Q

Statin HYC:
Time of Dose: Its best to take these meds in the ________. Cholesterol production increases during the ______

A
  1. evening
  2. day
78
Q

Lovastatin should be taken with supper since food _______ absorption

A

increase

79
Q

Statin HYC:
1. Food interaction: Client taking statins should avoid _________

  1. Contraindications: Statins are contraindicated if a patient has active liver disease or is _________
A
  1. grapefruit
  2. pregnant
80
Q

Ezetimibe is prescribed to lower _________

A

cholesterol

81
Q

___________ binds to the proteins in the GI tract responsible for absorbing dietary cholesterol.

A

Ezetimibe

82
Q

Ezetimibe works better when combined with a ________

A

statin

83
Q

Ezetimibe slightly increases the risk of ______ and _________

A

myopathy and hepatoxicity

84
Q

Fibrates Meds:
1.
2.

A
  1. Fenofibrate
  2. Gemfibrozil
85
Q

Fibrates are prescribed for high ______ and _____

A

VLDL, LDL

86
Q

Fibrates lower ____ and increase _____

A

VLDL, HDL

87
Q

Fibrates adverse affects are:
1.
2.
3

A
  1. myopathy
  2. hepatotoxicity
  3. gallstones

Pharmacology ex.1 (6 decks)

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