Week 2 Flashcards
Polypharmacy
more than one medicine
Adverse Drug Reaction in 65 yrs old
- Drug interactions
- Liver and kidney decline
Albumin
- large binding protein molecule
- Inactivate drug molecules once stuck
- Albumin decreases in older adults
Pharmacokinetic Factors in Pregnant Women
- Nausea and vomiting
- liver and kidney function increases (need to increase doses)
Teratogens
Medications that are harmful to the fetus.
Contraindicated in pregnant women
Cause defects 10% of the time
FDA medication categories
A: Good meds
B: Meds that are safe in animal studies
C: Meds that produced adverse effects
D: Meds that caused problems during pregnancy
X: Meds that caused serious problems and must be avoided
What vaccine must pregnant women avoid
Live virus vaccine
80% of drugs removed from market effected _________
Women
Women metabolize _______
Slower
_______ of pharmaceutical drugs come from nature
30%
Difference between herbals and regular medication:
- variation and purity
- efficacy
3 ways herbal and supplements interact
- Herbals and supplements have same effect as med causing the effect to be too strong.
- H&S have opposing effects on meds
- H&S are metabolized be the same enzyme causing drug level to be too high or low.
Black cohosh reduce ________
menopause
Echinacea stimulates __________
the immune system
Feverfew helps reduce __________
migraines
Garlic can lower blood _______
pressure
Ginger root help relieve __________
nausea
Gingko Biloba protects against _______
Alzheimer’s disease
Risk: bleeding (same risk as the others)
Glucosamine can help ________
osteoarthritis
Kava helps reduce ________
Anxiety
Saw palmetto may help reduce _________
benign prostatic hyperplasia
St. John’s Wort helps treat ________
mild depression
Valerian can help treat _________
insomnia
Adverse effect
Any extra effect that you do not wish to happen (side affects are milder)
Contraindications
Drugs that a client should avoid
Precautions
these warn you that an client is at a higher risk of experiencing adverse effects (less serious than contraindications)
Medicines that are tricky to get in a therapeutic index has a _______ range
narrow
CNS depressants are like a ______ pedal
brake
Its best to take CNS depressant at _______
bedtime
CNS stimulant press on the _______ pedal
gas
CNS stimulants cause:
anxiety, irritability, insomnia and seizure
CNS stimulant should be taken in the ________
morning
Pyramidal nuerons initiate ___________
muscle movement
Extrapyramidal nuerons stimulate _____
involuntary muscle movement and tone
The four EPSs:
Acute dystonia
akathisia
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia
Acute dystonia
sudden severe spasm of large muscle groups
Akathsia
Constant squirming, and inability to sit
Parkinsonism
- Similar to parkinson’s but caused by drug
- Shows slow movement, loss of facial expression, drooling, rigidity, tremors, stooped posture, shuffling gait.
Tardive dyskinesia
- Occurs late in treatment (greater than 6mo
- abnormal movement of mouth, tongue, facial grimacing, twisting movements of the extremities and trunk.
Cholinergic meds activate the ___________ system
parasympathetic
Anticholinergic meds interfere with the __________ system
parasympathetic (rest and digest)
Anticholinergic side effects
Can’t see
Can’t spit
Can’t pee
Can’t defecate
How to alleviate orthostatic hypotension (downward blood flow)
- Change positions slowly
- Drink plenty of water
- Wear support hoses
torsades de pointes
abnormal heart rhythm (twisting of the points)
leads to ventricular fibrillation
Gastrointestinal effects
- Upset stomach (NSAIDS)
- Constipation (opioids)
Neutropenia - a loss of _____ blood cells
white
Thrombocytopenia
a loss of platelets
Hemolytic anemia
A premature loss of red blood cells
Liver failure lab tests
- ASE
- ALT
Liver failure signs
Jaundice
anorexia
upper abdominal pain
nausea, vomiting and diaherra
dark urine
insomnia
clay colored stool
ecchymosis
Kidney Lab Test
BUN
creatinine
Most likely drug that cause anaphylaxis
penicillin
