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Pharmacology ex.1 > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary edema clinical manifestations

A

short of breath
pink frothy sputum
crackles

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2
Q

Diuretic medication increase the production of ________

A

urine

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3
Q

Diuretic Meds:

A
  1. bumetanide
  2. Furosemide
  3. Hydrochlorothiazide
  4. Spironolactone
  5. Mannitol
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4
Q

Clients should take their diuretic before ______ to prevent nocturia

A

2 PM

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5
Q

Bumetanide and furosemide are ________ diuretics

A

loop (work in the loop of henle)

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6
Q

Bumetanide & furosemide are great for treating _________ and ________

A

edema
heart failure
(sometimes for hypertension)

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7
Q

bumetanide and furosemide cause the excretion of too much _______

A

potassium

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8
Q

Hypokalemia signs

A

Weakness fatigue
muscle cramps
dysrhythmias
nausea and vomiting

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9
Q

Normal potassium range _______

A

3.5 to 5

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10
Q

Patients can counteract hypokalemia by eating __________ foods

A

potassium rich

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11
Q

furosemide can cause _______ loss

A

hearing (ototoxicity)

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12
Q

Hydrochlorothiazide is a __________ treatment for hypertension

A

First line

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13
Q

True or false?

HCTZ is safe, effective and inexpensive

A

True

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14
Q

HCTZ cause the kidneys to excrete too much ________

A

potassium

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15
Q

Spironolactone is a potassium _______ diuretic

A

sparing

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16
Q

Clients taking spironolactone should avoid _________ foods. It causes ________

A
  1. potassium rich
  2. hyperkalemia
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17
Q

Mannitol is administered ________

A

intravenously

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18
Q

Mannitol causes the blood to become _________

A

hypertonic

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19
Q

Mannitol is used to treat ________ edema

A

cerebral

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20
Q

Key problems with mannitol:
1.
2.

A
  1. It leaks out of regular capillaries causing edema
  2. It crystallizes at room temp. (Store in warmer, use IV filter, and foley catheter to monitor urinary output)
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21
Q

Beta-blocker meds

A

Cardioselective agents
1. Atenolol
2. Metoprolol

Nonselective Agents
1. Carvedilol
2. Labetalol
3. Propranolol

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22
Q

Atenolol and Metoprolol block ________ receptors

A

beta 1

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23
Q

Carvedilol, labetalol, and propranolol block ______, ______, ________ receptors

A

alpha 1
beta 1
beta 2

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24
Q

Propranolol blocks _______ and _____ receptors

A

beta 1
beta 2

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25
Q

Beta blockers are prescribed for ______, _________, ________ and _________ following a heart attack

A

hypertension
angina pectoris
atrial fibrillation
cardioprotection

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26
Q

Alpha receptors are located in the _______ and veins

A

arteries

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27
Q

Alpha receptors cause ________

A

vasoconstriction

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28
Q

Blocking alpha receptors cause _________

A

vasodilation (decreased blood pressure)

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29
Q

Beta 1 receptors are located in the _______

A

heart

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30
Q

Blocking beta 1 receptors decreases _______, _______ and _________

A

heart rate,
strength of contractions,
blood pressure

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31
Q

Beta 2 receptors are located in the _______

A

lungs

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32
Q

Blocking beta 2 receptors can cause _____________

A

bronchoconstriction (not good effect)

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33
Q

If beta blocker worked to well it would cause _________ and __________

A

bradycardia and hypotension

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34
Q

Hold beta block and notify prescriber if patient’s heart rate is less than _____ and SBP is less than ______

A

50, 100

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35
Q

Beta blocker cause 2 issues for diabetics.

  1. Beta 2 receptors are blocked which inhibits the ________ response.
  2. Its harder to recognize when they become _____________
A
  1. blood glucose response (fight or flight response)
  2. hypoglycemic
36
Q

Bronchoconstriction is a contradiction for ________- and ______ patients

A

COPD, asthma (they should avoid nonselective beta blockers)

37
Q

Depression and erectile dysfunction is caused by ___________

A

beta blockers

38
Q

ACE inhibitor meds:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. enalapril
  2. lisinopril
  3. Ramipril
39
Q

the liver produces a substance called ____________

A

angiotensinogen

40
Q

an enzyme called ______ cleaves part of the molecule and leaves ___________

A

renin,
angiotensin-I

41
Q

ACE enzyme cut off another part of the molecule and leaves us with ___________

A

angiotensin-II

42
Q

Angiotensin-II causes:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. vascular smooth muscle to contract
  2. release of aldosterone
  3. harmful changes in the heart muscle
43
Q

ACE inhibitors block the enzyme that converts _________ into its active form

A

angiotensin-I

44
Q

ACE inhibitors cause _______, _______, ________

A

vasodilation,
production of more urine,
lower blood pressure

45
Q

ACE inhibitors four major effects:

A
  1. hypotension
  2. hyperkalemia (aldosterone is blocked which increases potassium)
  3. Persistent dry cough (#1 reason for discontinuation)
  4. Angioedema (less than 1% develop, looks like wheals and edema, african descent has highest risk)
46
Q

Angiostensin II receptor Blockers (ARBs) meds:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. losartan
  2. Olmesartan
  3. Valsartan
47
Q

ARBs block _________ in blood vessels and adrenal glands

A

angiostensin-II

48
Q

ARBs cause ________ and increases ____________ of sodium and water

A

vasodilation,
renal excretion

49
Q

ARBs cause ____________ and __________

A

hypotension and angioedema

50
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs) meds

Dihydropyridines
1.
2.

Nondihydropyridines
1.
2.

A
  1. Amlodipine
  2. Nifedipine
  3. Diltiazem
  4. Verapamil
51
Q

Clients must avoid __________ juice when taking CCBs

A

grapefruit

52
Q

CCBS are prescribed
for ___________, _________, __________ (nondihydropyridines only)

A

hypertension, chest pain, (atrial fibrillation*)

53
Q

CCBs block calcium channels in arteries causing _________ and _________ blood pressure

A

vasodilation, decreased

54
Q

Nondihydropyridines CCBs cause a decreased _________

A

heart rate

55
Q

CCBs HYC:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Vasodilation (hypotension and swelling)
  2. Bradycardia (diltiazem and verapamil)
  3. Constipation (verapamil)
56
Q

If the left side of the heart fails, blood backs up into the _______

A

lungs

57
Q

Clients with right sided heart failure develop _______

A

edema

58
Q

Signs of right sided heart failure:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. jugular vein distension
  2. weight gain
  3. cardiogenic shock
59
Q

when the heart is not able to pump sufficient amounts of blood and oxygen to the brain is _________

A

cardiogenic shock

60
Q

Digoxin is prescribed for __________ and __________

A
  1. heart failure
  2. cardiac dysthymia (atrial fibrillation)
61
Q

Digoxin MOA
1.
2.

A
  1. vagal nerve stimulation
  2. sodium potassium ATPase inhibition
62
Q

The vagus nerve releases ________ and slows the ________

A

acetylcholine
heart rate

63
Q

Digoxin stimulates the vagus nerve which ______ the release of acetylcholine

A

increase (helps atrial fibrillation)

64
Q

Digoxin inhibits _______ and increases calcium which causes the heart to ________ with more force

A

1.sodium, potassium ATPase
2. contract
(helps with heart failure)

65
Q

Low potassium can cause digoxin _________

A

toxicity

66
Q

high potassium levels decrease digoxin effects and lead to treatment ________

A

failure

67
Q

Digoxin has a ________ therapeutic range

A

narrow

68
Q

blood level before the next dose is in a ________

A

trough

69
Q

Did you check your dig because you have to means

A
  1. heart failure between 0.5 and 1.0
  2. atrial fibrillation between 1.0 and 2.0
70
Q

Digoxin toxicity signs :
VAND

A

vomiting, anorexia, nausea, diarrhea

71
Q

As digoxin toxicity worsens, patients report blurred or ______ vision

A

yellow

72
Q

Most feared outcome of digoxin toxicity is ______________
Signs: dizziness, fatigue, syncope, death

A

bradydysrhythmias

73
Q

If heart rate is less than _____ or change in rhythm, withhold digoxin

A

60

74
Q

Digoxin toxicity antidote is ________

A

digoxin immune fab (binds digoxin floating in the bloodstream)

75
Q

_________ is a side effect of the digoxin antidote

A

hypokalemia

76
Q

Adrenergic Agonists meds
1.
2.
3.
4

A
  1. epinephrine
  2. Dopamine
  3. Dobutamine
  4. Norepinephrine
77
Q

_________ is the treatment for severe allergic reactions, cardiac arrest, and upper airway restriction

A

Epinephrine

78
Q

Dopamine is administered to clients with extremely low __________.

Low doses help _______ blood flow to the kidneys

A

blood pressure

increase

79
Q

Short term medication treatment of heart failure is _________

A

Dobutamine

80
Q

____________ is a treatment for severe hypotension

A

Norepinephrine

81
Q

adrenergic agonist meds activate the same adrenaline receptors as __________ meds

A

blood pressure

82
Q

______________ causes vasoconstriction and pupil dilation

A

alpha 1 activation

83
Q

___________ causes the heart to beat faster and stronger

A

beta 1 activation

84
Q

____________ causes the airways to open up (bronchodilation)

A

beta 2 activation

85
Q

At high dose, dopamine ________ blood flow

A

restrict

86
Q

Adrenergic meds HYC:
1. Cardiac complication symtoms?
2. necrosis route and issues

A
  1. tachycardia, hypertensive crisis, and heart attack
  2. give meds through a central line. Cause so much vasoconstriction that fingers, toes, and nose lose blood flow and die (necrose)

Pharmacology ex.1 (6 decks)

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