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Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What are two of the most common mood disorders?

A

depression and bipolar

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2
Q

What are the two types of depression that physicians diagnose into?

A
  1. clinical depression

2. major depression

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3
Q

For a person to be diagnosed with clinical depression, symptoms must last at least:

A

two weeks

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4
Q

What is psychotic depression?

A

Severe depression combined with psychotic episodes such as hallucinations of delusions.

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5
Q

How many basic types of bipolar disorder are there?

A

4

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6
Q

What is bipolar 1?

A

The most severe form. Manic episodes last at least 7 days and may require hospitalization. Depression can last at least two weeks.

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7
Q

What is bipolar 2 disorder?

A

Similar depression cycles to biopolar 1, however this type will also experience hypomania (less severe than manic).

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8
Q

What is cyclothymia disorder?

A

Milder form of bipolar. irregular mood swings.

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9
Q

What is intermittent explosive disorder?

A

Episodes of unwarranted anger.

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10
Q

How many people worldwide are affected with depression?

A

264 million

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11
Q

What is the second leading cause of death in 15-29 year olds?

A

suicide

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12
Q

How many people die per year due to suicide?

A

800 000

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13
Q

What are some barriers for effective depression care in some countries?

A
  • lack of resources
  • lack of trained professionals
  • social stigma
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14
Q

Depression can be subdivided into:

A

mild, moderate, severe

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15
Q

Depression results from a complex interaction of what 3 factors?

A

social, psychological and biological

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16
Q

There are interrelationships between depression and physical health. For example:

A

cardiovascular disease can lead to depression and vice versa

17
Q

Although it differs because of delivery of intervention or individual preferences, wha are the 4 main treatments for depression:

A
  1. CBT
  2. Interpersonal psychotherapy
  3. medication (SSRIs)
  4. tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)
18
Q

From the year before COVID to that after in the UK:

A

mood disorders doubled

19
Q

From the year before COVD to that after in the US:

A

mood disorders increased almost 4 times

20
Q

If you have a mood disorder, your mood is:

A

inconsistent with your circumstances

affects everyday functioning

21
Q

What are some symptoms of clinical depression:

A
  • disruption of eating and drinking
  • lack of motivation
  • hopelessness
  • loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities
  • headaches, fatigue
  • sleep disruption
22
Q

As well as meeting 5 of the broad qualifications, what other 4 things have to be met to diagnose depression:

A
  1. impairment in functioning
  2. not caused by substances or medical condition
  3. not better explained by other psychotic disorder
  4. no history of manic episode
23
Q

Grief can lead to depressions but

A

it is not the same thing

24
Q

How do tricyclic antidepressants work?

A

at on reuptake (block seratonin)
block histomine
act on chlorine receptors

25
Q

What are MAO involved in?

A

The recycling and breaking down of a neurotransmitter

26
Q

ECT induces a somewhat seizure when under anesthetic has been shown to be highly affective in treating:

A

severe depressive disorder, mania and psychosis

27
Q

ECT is prescribed by a __

A

psychiatrist

28
Q

What is another effective treatment for depression, which is not permanent effects, but relieves severe depression

A

lower doses of Ketamine, treatment is rapid

29
Q

Ketamine is an:

A

antagonist of the NMDA receptor, one of the glutamate receptors.
NMDA block, glutamate burst.
Both located post synaptically.

30
Q

What is the most common biopolar treatment for the mania?

The person might be given antidepressants for the depressive aspect.

A

lithium. ions react with glutamate, nopanergec system and GABA postsynatptically.
More GABA, less excitation through glutamate.

31
Q

What is one challenge with Lithium dosage?

A

It is a metal, it can be toxic. Need to have a safe level in the blood

32
Q

What is commonly used in epilepsy, but also given in biopolar patients?

A

valproic acid

Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience (11 decks)

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