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Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Does does MS literally mean?

A

many scars

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2
Q

What happens in MS according to Charcot?

A

demyelinations and astrogliosis also with come axonal destruction

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3
Q

What is astrogliosis?

A

Increased astrocytes in the brain

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4
Q

What are astroglia?

A

Perform many functions. Star shaped. Repair function.

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5
Q

What is myelin produced by?

A

Oliodendricyte

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6
Q

The node of ranvier help

A

neuron speed

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7
Q

What are the 2 main processes in MS?

A
  1. loss of myelin

2. axonal destruction

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8
Q

What happens after demylination?

A

remylination, however, it is never quite the same.

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9
Q

What is involved in the immune response of, in white blood cells?

A
  1. B cells

2. T cells

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10
Q

What do B cells do?

A

develop bone marrow

produce antibodies that ambush foreign antigens in bloodstream

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11
Q

What do T cells do (very important)?

A

develop in thymus gland

dirrect attacks on foreign substances.

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12
Q

What cause lesions?

A

inflammation in the brain

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13
Q

What happens in MS with lesions over a 12 months, which may or may not cause symptoms?

A

relapse and remission

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14
Q

What is cognitive reserve?

A

The ability for our brain to “bounce back” through relapse and remission. Eventually, this will catch up with people.

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15
Q

What are some symptoms of MS?

A
  • vision
  • speech
  • throat
  • muscular
  • standing
  • fatigue
  • depression
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16
Q

What is age of onset in MS?

A

late 20s early 30s

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17
Q

MS occurs twice in what gender?

A

females

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18
Q

How many people are there worldwide and in AUS with MS?

A

2.5 million, 24,000 in Aus

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19
Q

The further you are away from the equator, are you more or less likely to get MS?

A

more

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20
Q

How many types of MS are there?

A

4

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21
Q

What are the different types of MS dictated by?

A

remission, relapse rates, ordered by increasing disability

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22
Q

What causes MS (risk factors)?

A
  • environmental factors
  • person factors (gender)
  • immunological factors
  • infectious factors
  • smoking
  • genetic factors
23
Q

If someone is in a risky MS environment and they move locations before 15, what does this in turn do?

A

Decrease their chances of getting MS. Assumes the risk factor of that new place.

24
Q

What percentage of people with MS will self report cognitive difficulties?

A

Approx. 58% of people with MS in Australia. This can be independent of physical symptoms.

25
Q

What are the areas MOST affected in MS?

A
  • processing speed

- complex attention and more

26
Q

Which areas are LEAST affected in MS patients?

A
  • general knowledge
  • intelligence
  • basic attention and orientation
  • language
  • implicit memory
27
Q

What is a hallmark feature of MS?

A

thinking speed (speed of processing) due to myelin loss, slowed and irreversible damage to neuron conduction, affects higher-order cognition

28
Q

___ attention is note usually affected in MS, but ___ attention is.

A

simple (remembering a phone number)

complex (working memory, divided between tasks, sustained attention)

29
Q

What is working memory?

A

ability to maintain and manipulate information

30
Q

Working memory is highly related to:

A

processing speed

31
Q

What is one of the most reported symptoms in MS?

A

long-term memory. Due to learning difficulties rather than retrieval.

32
Q

Learning of 12 words took on average how many trials from people with MS?

A

8 in comparison to 3 in healthy participants

33
Q

Visual disturbances in MS is generally due to:

A

optic nerves

34
Q

Visual disturbances can results in difficulties in:

A
  • organising visual information
  • proprioception
  • seeing relationships between objects
35
Q

What negatively affects the cognitive decline in MS patients?

A
  • gender
  • hotter temperatures
  • disease course (progressive MS)
  • smoking
  • cannabis
36
Q

grey matter atrophy is associated with:

A

cognitive decline

37
Q

What is pseudobular affect, as sometime seen in MS patients?

A
  • uncomfortable laughing/crying

- more intense/out of context

38
Q

What is emotion recognition, as seen in MS patiens?

A

impaired on fear and anger

39
Q

Theory of mind is ___ affected by MS/

A

negatively

40
Q

Emotional lability and inappropriate behaviour is seen in __ patient

A

MS

41
Q

What is MS dementia

A

severe cognitive impairment due to MS (10% of people with MS)

42
Q

With MS, dementia has to do with issues with ___ while Alzheimer’s dementia is more related to ___

A

learning/encoding

forgetting already learned information.

43
Q

What are two broad things to keep in mind with MS dementia patients?

A
  1. usually takes many years to develop

2. careful discrete use of term dementia recommended (can be shocking/offensive)

44
Q

What are the aims for medication in relapses

A

to reduce inflammation

plasma exchange can be used if this doesn’t work

45
Q

Drugs that modify MS progression:

A
  • differ for each person
  • immunosuppressants
  • immunomodulators
46
Q

What are immune constitution therapies in MS?

A

-Administered in frequently
drug in system for short time
-allows immune system to regenerate itself

47
Q

What is stem cell therapy?

A
  • A potential cure for MS?
  • incredibly expensive
  • aren’t available yet in Australia
  • 6 stages
  • takes stem cells out, wipe immune system, put back into body
  • death rate
48
Q

Which forms of MS are there no medication for?

A

progressive forms of MS. Drugs only help symptoms.

49
Q

There are currently no medicinal treatments for the cognitive declines associated with MS. What are the most effective “treatments”?

A
  • memory techniques
  • processing speed techniques (taking time to learn, repeated information)
  • executive ability techniques
  • helping manage fatigue
50
Q

What has been shown to be quite effective to manage fatigue in MS people?

A

CBT

51
Q

Does sleep quality improve cognition in MS patients?

A

Improves PERCEIVED cognitive ability, but not actual ability

52
Q

Can exercise improve cognition in MS?

A

conflicting views, however only due to lack of research

53
Q

What did a HIIT exercise groups show in MS patients?

A

Improved cognition

54
Q

Can gut health improve cognition in MS patients?

A

No evidence as of yet. However, may help healthy individuals improve some pathways associated with MS.

Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience (11 decks)

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