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Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two leading causes of brain injury?

A
  • cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs)/stroke

- traumatic brain injury

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2
Q

What are some causes of brain damage?

A
  • cerebrovascular accidents/stroke
  • traumatic brain injury
  • tumours
  • anoxia/hypoxia
  • infections
  • neurotoxins
  • neurological diseases
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3
Q

What percentage of body weight does the brain represent?

A

2%

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4
Q

What percentage of the body’s oxygen is provided to the brain?

A

25%

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5
Q

How much cardiac output of the body does the brain require?

A

15%

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6
Q

Which animal can survive for hours without oxygen supply to the brain

A

turtles

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7
Q

Loss of consciousness occurs within how many seconds of interrupted blood supply to the brian?

A

10 seconds

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8
Q

What happens after 20 seconds without blood supply to the brain>

A

electrical activity ceases

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9
Q

What happens without a blood flow to the brain after 2-3 minutes?

A

Irreversible brain damage occurs.

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10
Q

Arterial supply involves two pairs of vessels, what are these?

A
  1. internal carotid arteries

2. vertebral arteries

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11
Q

What are the two main divisions of the internal carotid system?

A
  1. middle cerebral artery

2. anterior cerebral artery

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12
Q

What are the two main divisions of the vertebral - basilar system?

A
  1. Basilar artery

2. posterior cerebral arterites

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13
Q

What is the circle of willis?

A

interconnection of all the arteries which supply blood to the brain

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14
Q

What is one benefit of the circle of willis?

A
  1. If one artery is blocked, blood can still be supplied to that area.
  2. If an artery is blocked on one side, if can be transferred over via the communicating artery
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15
Q

The anterior cerebral artery supplies blood to which part of the brain?

A

medial
frontal
parietal

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16
Q

The middle cerebral artery supplies blood to which part of the brain?

A

lateral surface of the hemispheres

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17
Q

Posterior cerebral arteries supply blood to which part of the brain?

A

medial part of the occipital lobe

inferior surface of the temporal lobe

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18
Q

What is CVA? (stroke)

A

vascular disorder which results in brain injury

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19
Q

What is ischaemia? (stroke)

A

insufficient or lack of blood flow to the brain

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20
Q

What is an infarction? (stroke)

A

tissue death due to inadequate blood supply

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21
Q

What is infarct? (stroke)

A

area of damaged or dead tissue from infarction

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22
Q

What is penumbra? (stroke)

A

tissue surrounding infarct which may recover or die

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23
Q

What is excitotoxicity? (stroke)

A

Excess activity in glutamate signalling pathways (NMDA receptors) resulting in cell death.

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24
Q

What is oedema? (stroke)

A

swelling of brain

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25
Q

What are some signs of a stroke?

A
  • weakness/numbness
  • hard to speak or understand
  • loss of balance
  • loss of vision
  • headache
  • difficulty swallowing
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26
Q

What are some factors involved in stroke recovery?

A
  • type of stroke
  • size of blood vessel
  • remaining intact vessels
  • premorbid factors (age)
  • location
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27
Q

Which kind of stroke is often associated with poorer recovery?

A

hemoragic stroke

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28
Q

If stroke is restricted to one area:

A

Outcome may be better as blood flow via alternative route

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29
Q

What are the two main types of stroke?

A
  1. obstructive (ischaemic) stroke

2. hemorrhagic stroke

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30
Q

What occurs in an obstructive stroke?

A

reduction of blood flow or complete blockage of a blood vessel (often fatty plaque)

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31
Q

What occurs in a haemorrhagic stroke?

A

result from bleeding into brain tissue (rupture of blood vessel)
often fatal

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32
Q

In obstructive strokes, what are the two main causes?

A
  1. thrombosis blood clot

2. embolism (part of a broken thrombus which blocks a blood vessel in the brain)

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33
Q

What does onset of obstructive stroke look like?

A

-cann occur suddenly, often takes 30 minutes to developed

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34
Q

What is recovery like for obstructive strokes?

A
  • 80% show significant improvement
  • 50% significantly disables
  • around 3 months there is usually little further improvement
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35
Q

Most thrombotic strokes occur where?

A

In internal carotid or vertebral-basilar arteries

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36
Q

What are some cognitive and behavioural effects of obstructive stroke? (3)

A
  1. unilateral effects on function
  2. prominent acute effects, become less prominent over time
  3. signs of bilateral or diffuse damage in acute stages (confusion) which resolve as brain swelling diminishes
37
Q

What are some examples of unilateral effects on obstructive stroke?

A
  1. hemiparesis
  2. hemiplegia
  3. aphasias (left)
  4. unilateral neglect (often right)
38
Q

What is hemiparesis?

A

weakness in vertical half of the body

39
Q

What is hemiplegia?

A

Complete paralysis of vertial half of body

40
Q

What is aphasias (left)?

A

language disorders (speech fluency returns within one months if at all)

41
Q

What is hemispatial neglect?

A

failure to attend to space at opposite side of lesion

42
Q

What are transient ischaemic attacks?

A

episode of temporary obstruction of a blood vessel lasting less than 24 hours, many lasting only minutes, and 50% lasting <1 hour

43
Q

What are the two types of TIAs (transient ischaemic attacks)?

A
  1. those lasting less than 45 minutes with no evidence of infarct on a CT
  2. those lasting more than 45 minutes and show radiological evidence of infarction
44
Q

Within the first months of TIA, what percentage will develop a full blown stroke?

A

about 30%

45
Q

What percentage of strokes are haemorrhage strokes?

A

10-20% of all strokes

46
Q

What mortality rate do those with haemorrhagic strokes have within the first 30 days?

A

35-52%

47
Q

What are 3 risk factors for hemorrhagic strokes?

A
  1. hypertension/high blood pressure (greatest risk)
  2. chronic use of aspirin
  3. cocaine and or excessive alcohol use
48
Q

What are the two primary mechanisms that cause arterial haemorrhage?

A
  1. weakening of vessel

2. rupture associated with vascular abnormality, such as aneurysm etc

49
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

weak area in artery wall that causes area to balloon out

50
Q

What are some risk factors for anerurysm rupture?

A
  • women and older patient
  • symptoms predict it
  • basilar artery aneurisyms
51
Q

What are the symptoms of an aneurysm?

A
  • severe headaches, vomiting
  • loss of consciousness
  • can be immediately fatal
52
Q

What do haemorrhagic strokes often effect?

A

-mostly affect thalamus, basal ganglia and brainstem

53
Q

Haemorrhages associated with hypertension (high blood pressure) tend to involve:

A

blood vessels at the base of the verebral hemisphere

54
Q

What is the outcome of a hypertensive haemorrhage?

A
  • mortality rate of 65-80%.
  • Survivors can be in a near vegetative state to a relatively good return.
  • Motor symptoms prominent
55
Q

What is arteriovenous malformations? (a type of haemorrhagic stroke) which accounts for 1% of all strokes

A

Tangled masses of arteries and veins which grow, usually gradually, more like a tumour. Born with these malformations.

56
Q

What is locked in syndrome?

A
  • rare disorder caused by ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke in the basilar artery
  • loss of all motor functions with the exception of eye movement
  • cognition and consciousness remain fully in tact.
57
Q

What is a traumatic brain injury?

A

an insult to the brain caused by an external force, may produce altered consciousness, may result in impaired cognitive abilities of physical functioning

58
Q

What are the two types of traumatic brain injury?

A
  1. closed head injury

2. penetrative head injury

59
Q

What is penetrating head injury?

A

the skull is fractured, exposing the brain and allowing the entry of foreign matter

60
Q

What is a closed head injury?

A

Non-penetrative blow to the head. Common causes assaults, falls and sports.

61
Q

what are the two stages of brain injury?

A
  1. primary injury

2. secondary injury

62
Q

What are contact forces in a closed head injury?

A

static injury, where head is still and receives a blow. q

63
Q

What are inertial forces?

A

movement of the brain within the head

64
Q

What is translational acceleration, as one type of inertial force:

A

head moves in straight line with brain in centre of gravity

65
Q

What is rotational acceleration, as a type of inertial force?

A

brain rotates around centre of gravity

66
Q

What is angular acceleration, as a type of interial force?

A

Combination of translational and rotational forces

67
Q

What is a coup injury?

A

injury site of initial impact

68
Q

What is a contre-coup injury?

A

The brain rebounds against opposing side of skill causing further damage

69
Q

What is a diffuse axonal injury?

A

Rapid deceleration forces lead to widespread damage through the brain. Axons get torn, twisted etc,

70
Q

What is an intra cranial haemorrhage?

A

large blood vessels may be torn on impact, which create haematomas (or bruise) within the skill

71
Q

What are the two different types of haematomas?

A
  1. epidural

2. subdural

72
Q

A brain injury can cause many secondary injuries. What may these include

A
  • cell death
  • brain swelling
  • reduced blood flow (hypoxia)
  • dysregluation of blood brain barrier
73
Q

Cerebral oedema is quite a common secondary injury following a brain injury. What is it?

A

excess fluid in the brain leading to swelling of the brain and inter cranial pressure.

74
Q

What are the two types of cerebral oedema?

A
  1. vasogenic

2. cytotoxic

75
Q

What is vasogenic oedema?

A

occurs when damage to the brain leads to increased extracellular fluid

76
Q

What is cytotoxic oedema?

A

Occurs when a brain cell membrane pump fails, leading to increased intracellular fluid

77
Q

What might happen in cerebral oedema surgery to reduce fluid?

A

part of the skull is removed

78
Q

When a cell dies, there are two types of process that occur, necrosis and apoptosis. What are these two things?

A

necrosis: passive death of cells as a result of damage
apoptosis: programmed death that occurs when cell is damage

79
Q

What is the apoptotic process (active self destruction)?

A
  1. the cell shrinks
  2. material is divided into vesicles
  3. scavenger cells clean up the debris
80
Q

What are three indicators of severity in traumatic brain injury?

A
  1. length of loss of consciousness
  2. depth of coma, measured by Glasgow coma scale
  3. length of post traumatic amnesia
81
Q

Why is length of consciousness hard to measure?

A

What is consciousness? When is someone conscious or not?

82
Q

What is considered a mild score on Glasgow’s coma scale?

A

14-15

83
Q

What is considered a moderate score on Glasgow’s coma scale?

A

9-13

84
Q

What is considered a severe score on Glasgow’s coma scale?

A

3-8

85
Q

What is post traumatic amnesia?

A

period of time following a brain injury which the person is incapable of learning new information, remains confused and disorientated

86
Q

What are some limitations of assessing TBI severity?

A
  • time of assessment (GCS)
  • reliability of information
  • medical interventions (painkillers)
  • drug/alcohol use
  • elderly, dementia?
87
Q

What are some TBI outcomes?

A
  • cognitive
  • behavioural
  • psychosocial
  • clinical outcomes
88
Q

TBI can result in increased risk of

A
  • substance abuse
  • homelessness
  • violence
  • relationship breakdowns
  • job loss
  • social isolation
89
Q

How do we predict TBI outcomes?

A
  • severity
  • performance on neuropsychological measures
  • premorbid characteristics

Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience (11 decks)

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