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NURS 501 Advanced Pathophysiology UofA > Week 7 Urinary Function > Flashcards

Week 7 Urinary Function Flashcards

1
Q

What hormone is responsible for growth of prostate tissue?

A

DHT - dihydrotestosterone

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2
Q

What enzyme produces DHT from testosterone?

A

5a-reductase

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3
Q

What is the common medication prescribed for BPH that is a 5a-reductase inhibitor?

A

finasteride

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4
Q

What are common causes of stress incontinence in women?

A

Pregnancy and childbirth.

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5
Q

What is a common cause of stress incontinence in men?

A

prostate removal

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6
Q

What are 2 common causes of stress incontinence in adults?

A
  1. Obesity
  2. Smoker’s cough
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7
Q

What muscles are involved in urge incontinence?

A

detrusor muscles, contract involuntarily

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8
Q

What type of incontinence is caused by chronic over-distension?

A

Overflow incontinence

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9
Q

What could be the cause of a weak urine stream?

A

overflow incontinence caused by an obstruction caused by an enlarged prostate or uterine fibroid.

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10
Q

What type of incontinence can be caused by delirium or infection?

A

transient incontinence

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11
Q

What age are children expected to have bladder control? Daytime and Night-time?

A

Daytime: 4-5 years
Night-time: 5-7 years

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12
Q

What is the term for uncontrolled night-time voiding?

A

enuresis

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13
Q

Why would you check the PSA (prostate specific antigen) level for a man having BPH symptoms?

A

Symptoms of BPH are the same as prostate cancer. PSA is “prostate specific antigen”

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14
Q

After testing PSA levels, what would the next step be for diagnosis in prostate cancer?

A

Biopsy

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15
Q

What 2 symptoms in men would you suspect complicated UTI/prostatitis?

A

Pelvic pain
perineal pain

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16
Q

What symptoms can an older adult have in relation to a UTI?

A

Confusion, falls

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17
Q

What does leukocytes indicate in a urinalysis?

A

presence of leukocyte esterase that is released by WBCs.

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18
Q

What do WBC casts in a urinalysis indicate?

A

Acute pyelonephritis.

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19
Q

What would cause a false-positive nitrite on a urinalysis?

A

Dietary - beets
Meds-Pyridium

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20
Q

What would cause a false-negative nitrite on a urinalysis?

A

Fresh urine - not enough time to convert nitrates to nitrites
Low pH - from cranberry consumption

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21
Q

What bacteria is responsible for most UTIs and what would a urinalysis show?

A

E. Coli - Nitrites will be elevated since E.coli converts nitrates to nitrites.

22
Q

What is suspected when you have pyuria present on urinalysis but culture is negative?

A

STIs - Gonorrhea or Chlamydia causing inflammation of the urethra.

23
Q

What are 80% of kidney stones composed of?

A

Calcium + Oxalate

24
Q

What is the most common symptom of bladder cancer that is often ignored?

A

painless hematuria (blood in urine)

25
Q

50% of all bladder cancers include this risk factor.

A

smoking

26
Q

What are 3 main symptoms of renal cell carcinoma?

A
  1. hematuria
  2. abdominal renal mass/flank pain
  3. unexplained weight loss
27
Q

What is the most commonly occurring kidney cancer?

A

Renal cell carcinoma

28
Q

What causes acute tubular necrosis?

A

Nephrotoxic drugs

29
Q

What disease includes intraglomerular hypertension and glomerular hypertrophy?

A

Chronic Kidney Disease

30
Q

Why does CKD (chronic kidney disease) require an adjustment of medications?

A

Kidneys will not process out medications as they decline, so it may require adjusting doses down. Ex: less insulin for DM.

31
Q

Why does CKD (chronic kidney disease) affect bone health?

A

Failing kidneys have altered vitamin D, calcium, and phosphate

32
Q

What disorder includes fluid-filled cysts on the kidneys?

A

polycystic kidney disease

33
Q

What chromosomes are mutated in Autosomal Dominant PKD (polycystic kidney disease)?

A
  1. Chromosome 16 (PKD1 locus) 78%
  2. Chromosome 4 (PKD2 locus) 22%
34
Q

What are 3 neonatal signs of PKD?

A
  1. Potter facies - skin folds at corner of inner eye, pointed nose, small chin, floppy/low-set ears.
  2. Flank masses - large, bilateral
  3. Respiratory distress - fluid accumulation from renal impairment
35
Q

What level of proteinuria is associated with nephrOtic syndrome?

A

> 3.5 g/day

36
Q

Define epispadias

A

urethral opening is on the dorsal (front) surface of the penis or higher in the female toward the clitoris

37
Q

Define hypospadias

A

urethral opening is on the underside (ventral) of the penis or

38
Q

Define cryptorchidism

A

testes do not descend, common in prematurity

39
Q

What is the definition of infertility

A

Inability to conceive after 1 year of actively trying at least once a month. (15%)

40
Q

What is the most common cause of infertility in women?

A

PCOS causing ovulation dysfunction

41
Q

What time of day are testosterone levels the highest?

A

early morning

42
Q

Define phimosis and paraphimosis

A

Phimosis - unable to retract foreskin
Paraphimosis - unable to return a retracted forskin back.

43
Q

Define priapism and list its causes.

A

Definition: prolonged painful erection.
Causes: Sickle cell, lukemia, tumors, DM, MS, Stroke, alcohol, Meds: anticoags, antianxiety, phosphodiasterase inhibitors,

44
Q

What is the condition that presents with an accumulation of fluid in the testes?

A

Hydrocele

45
Q

What is the condition that presents with a painless sperm-filled cyst between the testes and epididymis?

A

Spermatocele

46
Q

What condition is the most common cause of low sperm count?

A

Varicocele (dilated vein in spermatic cord)

47
Q

What is the likely diagnosis for sudden , severe testicular pain?

A

Testicular torsion

48
Q

What is the name for a benign pelvic tumor (uterine fibroids) in women?

A

Leiomyoma

49
Q

Which two STIs are responsible for prostatitis (inflammation of prostate)?

A

1) N. gonorrhea
2) C. trachomatis

50
Q

What infection is caused by C. trachomatis?

A

Chlamydia

51
Q

What infection is caused by T. pallidum?

A

Syphilis

52
Q
A

NURS 501 Advanced Pathophysiology UofA (9 decks)

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