Week 7 Urinary Function Flashcards
What hormone is responsible for growth of prostate tissue?
DHT - dihydrotestosterone
What enzyme produces DHT from testosterone?
5a-reductase
What is the common medication prescribed for BPH that is a 5a-reductase inhibitor?
finasteride
What are common causes of stress incontinence in women?
Pregnancy and childbirth.
What is a common cause of stress incontinence in men?
prostate removal
What are 2 common causes of stress incontinence in adults?
- Obesity
- Smoker’s cough
What muscles are involved in urge incontinence?
detrusor muscles, contract involuntarily
What type of incontinence is caused by chronic over-distension?
Overflow incontinence
What could be the cause of a weak urine stream?
overflow incontinence caused by an obstruction caused by an enlarged prostate or uterine fibroid.
What type of incontinence can be caused by delirium or infection?
transient incontinence
What age are children expected to have bladder control? Daytime and Night-time?
Daytime: 4-5 years
Night-time: 5-7 years
What is the term for uncontrolled night-time voiding?
enuresis
Why would you check the PSA (prostate specific antigen) level for a man having BPH symptoms?
Symptoms of BPH are the same as prostate cancer. PSA is “prostate specific antigen”
After testing PSA levels, what would the next step be for diagnosis in prostate cancer?
Biopsy
What 2 symptoms in men would you suspect complicated UTI/prostatitis?
Pelvic pain
perineal pain
What symptoms can an older adult have in relation to a UTI?
Confusion, falls
What does leukocytes indicate in a urinalysis?
presence of leukocyte esterase that is released by WBCs.
What do WBC casts in a urinalysis indicate?
Acute pyelonephritis.
What would cause a false-positive nitrite on a urinalysis?
Dietary - beets
Meds-Pyridium
What would cause a false-negative nitrite on a urinalysis?
Fresh urine - not enough time to convert nitrates to nitrites
Low pH - from cranberry consumption
What bacteria is responsible for most UTIs and what would a urinalysis show?
E. Coli - Nitrites will be elevated since E.coli converts nitrates to nitrites.
What is suspected when you have pyuria present on urinalysis but culture is negative?
STIs - Gonorrhea or Chlamydia causing inflammation of the urethra.
What are 80% of kidney stones composed of?
Calcium + Oxalate
What is the most common symptom of bladder cancer that is often ignored?
painless hematuria (blood in urine)
50% of all bladder cancers include this risk factor.
smoking
What are 3 main symptoms of renal cell carcinoma?
- hematuria
- abdominal renal mass/flank pain
- unexplained weight loss
What is the most commonly occurring kidney cancer?
Renal cell carcinoma
What causes acute tubular necrosis?
Nephrotoxic drugs
What disease includes intraglomerular hypertension and glomerular hypertrophy?
Chronic Kidney Disease
Why does CKD (chronic kidney disease) require an adjustment of medications?
Kidneys will not process out medications as they decline, so it may require adjusting doses down. Ex: less insulin for DM.
Why does CKD (chronic kidney disease) affect bone health?
Failing kidneys have altered vitamin D, calcium, and phosphate
What disorder includes fluid-filled cysts on the kidneys?
polycystic kidney disease
What chromosomes are mutated in Autosomal Dominant PKD (polycystic kidney disease)?
- Chromosome 16 (PKD1 locus) 78%
- Chromosome 4 (PKD2 locus) 22%
What are 3 neonatal signs of PKD?
- Potter facies - skin folds at corner of inner eye, pointed nose, small chin, floppy/low-set ears.
- Flank masses - large, bilateral
- Respiratory distress - fluid accumulation from renal impairment
What level of proteinuria is associated with nephrOtic syndrome?
> 3.5 g/day
Define epispadias
urethral opening is on the dorsal (front) surface of the penis or higher in the female toward the clitoris
Define hypospadias
urethral opening is on the underside (ventral) of the penis or
Define cryptorchidism
testes do not descend, common in prematurity
What is the definition of infertility
Inability to conceive after 1 year of actively trying at least once a month. (15%)
What is the most common cause of infertility in women?
PCOS causing ovulation dysfunction
What time of day are testosterone levels the highest?
early morning
Define phimosis and paraphimosis
Phimosis - unable to retract foreskin
Paraphimosis - unable to return a retracted forskin back.
Define priapism and list its causes.
Definition: prolonged painful erection.
Causes: Sickle cell, lukemia, tumors, DM, MS, Stroke, alcohol, Meds: anticoags, antianxiety, phosphodiasterase inhibitors,
What is the condition that presents with an accumulation of fluid in the testes?
Hydrocele
What is the condition that presents with a painless sperm-filled cyst between the testes and epididymis?
Spermatocele
What condition is the most common cause of low sperm count?
Varicocele (dilated vein in spermatic cord)
What is the likely diagnosis for sudden , severe testicular pain?
Testicular torsion
What is the name for a benign pelvic tumor (uterine fibroids) in women?
Leiomyoma
Which two STIs are responsible for prostatitis (inflammation of prostate)?
1) N. gonorrhea
2) C. trachomatis
What infection is caused by C. trachomatis?
Chlamydia
What infection is caused by T. pallidum?
Syphilis
