Week 2 Immune System Flashcards
Name of cell that all immune cells stem from
Hematopoietic stem cell
2 types of progenitor cells from hematopoietic cells
- Myeloid
- Lymphoid
Myeloid (innate immune) cell type that is the “first responder” and phagocytize organisms.
Neutrophil
Myeloid (innate immune) cell type that is involved in immune reactions and destruction of LARGE microbes (i.e. parasites) and have a 2-lobe nucleus shape.
Eosinophils
Myeloid (innate immune) cell type that is involved in anaphylaxis allergic reactions, parasites, and contain HEPARIN.
Basophils
Myeloid (innate immune) cell type that is reside in tissues and release histamine. Associated with wound healing and allergic reactin. have granules containing histamine and heparin.
Mast Cells
4 Granulocyte cells
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Mast Cells
Precursor cell to Macrophage and dendritic cells
Monocytes
“Large Eaters” Type of monocyte cells that digest pathogens and signal (communicate with) other immune cells to fight off infection. Named for the type of tissue they reside.
Macrophage
Type of monocyte cell that have finger-like “branches” and are in tissues that are exposed to environment. Act as messengers from innate and adaptive system of immune cells. Present antigens and interact with B & T cells
Dendritic cells
Type of lymphoid cell (innate immune system) that induces apoptosis (cell death) of abnormal cells (infected cells).
Natural Killer Cells
Type of lymphoid cell (adaptive immune system) that mature in bone marrow that are activated when exposed to pathogen.
B-cells
Type of Activated B-cell that retain information about pathogen exposures (memory) for a faster immune response.
Memory B cells
Type of Activated B-cell that are “antibody factories”
Plasma Cells
Type of lymphoid cell (adaptive immune system) that is produced in the bone marrow and mature in the Thymus.
T-cells
Type of T-cell that targets infected or cancerous cells by releasing lymphokines that degrades cell walls.
CD8+ (Cytotoxic) T-cells
Type of T-cell that helps coordinate immune response by activating B-cells to produce antibodies.
CD4+ (Helper) T-cells
Part of the immune system that has a set of 20 proteins that help antibodies and other cells to fight bacteria.
Complement System
Part of immune system that creates a membrane attack complex (MAC) and has the job of opsonization (tagging) and recruiting cells to the site of injury.
Complement system
Type of complement protein that tags and binds to bacteria (opsonization) that promotes phagocytosis.
C3b
What does C3b convert to after being combined with proteins?
C5 convertase
C5 convertase cleaves C5 into what two proteins that stimulate histamine release AND attracts macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils to phagocytize foreign cells.
C5a and C5b (anaphylatoxins)
C5b combines with C6-9 to form what, that creates a pore in pathogen
to lead to cell lysis?
MAC (Membrane Attack Complex)
Final function of complement system?
C3a and C5a that attracts active macrophages.
What does PAMPs stand for and what is it’s function?
Pathogen associated molecular patterns. Recognizes foreign cells.
What does DAMPs stand for and what is it’s function?
Damage Associated Molecular Proteins. It has recognizes heat shock proteins from damaged cells.
Which type of antibody is the first to respond, and the largest?
IgM
Which type of antibody is the second to respond and can pass thru the placenta “gestation”? They tag antigens for NK cells to kill.
IgG
Which type of antibody is found in the mucous layer and most abundant in the body as well as in breastmilk?
IgA
Which type of antibody causes Type 1 hypersensitivity and causes release of histamines AND is protection against parasites.
IgE
Which type of antibody is co-expressed with IgM by B-cells?
IgD
What are 3 functions of H1 (histamine) receptors? *one heart
- Increase vascular permeability
- Increase vasodilation
- Initiate bronchial and smooth muscle contractions.
What are 2 functions of the H2 (histamine) receptor? *2 lungs
- increase vascular permeability
- increase gastric secretion.
What is the function of the mediator proteoglycans?
- Heparin - anticoagulant
- Chondroitin Sulfate - affects kinin pathway, vasodilation.
Main role of T-cells
destroy antigens
Main role of B-cells
produce antibodies against antigen.
How is natural passive immunity acquired?
Between mother and infant through placenta and breastmilk for a year.
How is artificial active immunity acquired?
Vaccines
How is Artificial passive immunity acquired?
gamma globulin injections.
What type of hypersensitivity is associated with allergic reactions and anaphylaxis?
Type 1 Hypersensitivity
What type of hypersensitivity is associated with hyperacute transplant rejection and how quickly can it occur?
Type 2 Hypersensitivity. within minutes to hours.
What type of hypersensitivity is associated with acute transplant rejection and how quickly does it occur?
Type 4 Hypersensitivity. within days to weeks.
For SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematous) how clinical findings need to be present for diagnosis?
4 need to be present.
For SLE, what are the clinical manifestations for skin, and joints, organs, and neuro?
Skin: Butterfly rash, photosensitivity, oral ulcers, alopecia (hair loss),
Joints: inflammation in 2 or more joints.
Organs: serositis (membrane inflammation) Lungs, heart, blood vessels.
Neuro: seizures or psychosis
For SLE, what are the clinical lab findings?
Hemolytic anemia
Leukopenia
Lymphocytopenia
Thrombocytopenia
proteinuria
What labs are run for SLE?
CBC, positive anti-nuclear antibodies: anti-DS DNA or Anti-Smith antibody, low C3 and C4, complete complement test (CH50), direct Coombs (RBC antibodies)
Name 3 HIV diagnostic tests
- HIV antibody (ELISA at home)
- p24 antigen testing (15 days post infection)
- NAAT (nucleic acid amplification test) 7-10 days post infection.
What low level count of CD4+ cells is diagnostic for HIV in adults and children?
Adults <200 cells/mm3
Children <500 cells/mm3
