Week 7: Nominal Particles

Question 1

What are the nominalizing particles?

Answer 1

པ པོ བ བོ མ མོ

Question 2

པ is generally used after which suffixes?

Answer 2

ག ད ན བ མ ས and ད་དྲག་

Question 3

བ is generally used after which suffixes?

Answer 3

ང འ ར ལ and when there is no suffix (i.e. after a vowel)

Question 4

What condition causes the use of པ even if བ would be called for?

Answer 4

An even number of syllables
(e.g. གམ་པོ་པ་ or དྭགས་པོ་པ་)

Question 5

When is མ used?

Answer 5

Irregularly, depending on context

Question 6

ང འ ར ལ suffixes do what two things་to བ?

Answer 6

1. make a following བ sound like ཝ
2. invoke the nominalizing particle བ rather than པ or མ

Question 7

What is a free noun stem?

Answer 7

A stem that can stand alone as a noun or combine with a nominalizing particle to form a related word. (e.g. རྟ horse)

Question 8

What is a free form noun?

Answer 8

A noun that consists only of a free noun stem. (e.g. རྟ horse)

Question 9

What is a free stem noun?

Answer 9

A free noun stem plus a nominalizing particle. (e.g. རྟ་མོ་ mare)

Question 10

What is a bound noun stem?

Answer 10

A noun stem that can’t stand by itself; usually a verb stem (e.g. སྐྱེ་ to be born);
also, a noun stem that a nominalizing particle changes to an unrelated word.
(e.g. ཐལ་ consequence, ཐལ་བ་ ashes and རི་ mountain, རི་མོ་ painting/drawing.

Question 11

What is a bound stem noun?

Answer 11

A noun formed by adding a nominalizing particle to a bound noun stem. (e.g. སྐྱེ་པོ་ being and རི་ mountain རི་མོ་ drawing/painting)

Question 12

ཆོས་

Answer 12

dharma
(free form noun)

Question 13

རྟ་

Answer 13

horse
(free form noun)

Question 14

ཉ་

Answer 14

fish
(free form noun)

Question 15

སྒྲ་

Answer 15

sound
(free form noun)

Question 16

རྡོ་

Answer 16

stone
(free form noun)

Question 17

ཁྱིམ་

Answer 17

house/home
(free form noun)

Question 18

རི་

Answer 18

mountain
(free form noun)

Question 19

ཡུལ་

Answer 19

place
(free form noun)

Question 20

ས་

Answer 20

earth
(free form noun)

Question 21

ཆུ་

Answer 21

water
(free form noun)

Question 22

མེ་

Answer 22

fire
(free form noun)

Question 23

རླུང་

Answer 23

wind
(free form noun)

Question 24

རྟ་པ་

Answer 24

horse rider
(free stem noun from རྟ་ horse)

Question 25

རྟ་མོ་

Answer 25

mare
(free stem noun from རྟ་ horse)

Question 26

རྟ་ཕོ་

Answer 26

stallion
(free stem noun from རྟ་ horse)

Question 27

རྟ་མ་

Answer 27

mother mare
(free stem noun from རྟ་ horse)

Question 28

སྟག་ → སྟག་མོ་

Answer 28

tiger → tigress
(nominalizing particle indicates gender)

Question 29

ཆོས་ → ཆོས་མ་

Answer 29

dharma → female practitioner
(nominalizing particle indicates gender)

Question 30

མགའ་འགྲོ་ → མགའ་འགརོ་མ་

Answer 30

daka → dakini
(nominalizing particle indicates gender)

Question 31

རིགས་ཀྱི་བུ་ → རིགས་ཀྱི་བུ་མོ་

Answer 31

son of the lineage → daughter of the lineage
(nominalizing particle indicates gender)

Question 32

རྒྱལ་པོ་ → རྒྱལ་མོ་

Answer 32

king → queen
(nominalizing particle indicates gender)

Question 33

རྒལ་ → རྒལ་བ་

Answer 33

victory → victorious
(nominalizing particle indicates possession)

Question 34

སེམས་ → སེམས་མ་

Answer 34

mind (bodhicitta) → female bodhisattva
(nominalizing particle indicates possession)

Question 35

ཁྱིམ་ → ཁྱིམ་པ་

Answer 35

house/home → householder
(nominalizing particle indicates possession)

Question 36

འཇམ་པ་ → འཇམ་པོ་

Answer 36

softness, kindness → gentle kind person
(nominalizing particle indicates possession)

Question 37

བདག་མེད་ → བདག་མེད་མ་

Answer 37

absence of self → lady with no self
(nominalizing particle indicates possession)

Question 38

རྟ་ → རྟ་པ་

Answer 38

horse → horse rider
(nominalizing particle indicates a relation)

Question 39

མར་མེ་ → མར་མེ་མ་

Answer 39

lamp → lamp/light offering goddess
(nominalizing particle indicates a relation)

Question 40

ཞིང་ → ཞིང་པ་

Answer 40

field → farmer
(nominalizing particle indicates a relation)

Question 41

རྣལ་འབྱོར་ → རནལ་འབྱོར་པ་

Answer 41

yoga → yogin
(nominalizing particle indicates a relation)

Question 42

དྭགས་པོ་ → དྭགས་པོ་པ་

Answer 42

Dagpo district → Dagpopa, the man from Dagpo, i.e. Gampopa
(nominalizing particle indicates a relation)

Question 43

What is generally true of double nominalization?

Answer 43

1. mostly occurs with bound noun stems.
2. shows an actor in relation to a verb

Question 44

སྐོར་བ་ → སྐོར་བ་པོ་

Answer 44

turning, spinning, circumambulation → one who turns something, spins something, circumambulates
(example of double nominalization)

Question 45

ཆོས་འགོར་སྐོར་བ་པོ་

Answer 45

The one who turns the wheel of dharma
(example of double nominalization)

Question 46

འཁོར་བ་ → འཁོར་བ་པོ་

Answer 46

samsara → one caught in samsara
(example of double nominalization)

Question 47

ཐོས་པ་ → ཐོས་པ་པོ་

Answer 47

hearing → hearer
(example of double nominalization)

Question 48

སེམས་ཙམ་ → སེམས་ཙམ་པ་(བ)

Answer 48

mind-merely (Cittamatra) → Cittamatra proponent
(example of double nominalization)

Question 49

དང་པོ་

Answer 49

first

Question 50

ས་དཀ་པ་

Answer 50

pure bhumi (8, 9, 10th Bhumi)

Question 51

ལས་དང་པོ་བ་

Answer 51

beginner

Question 52

Order of verb citations in a dictionary

Answer 52

past, present, future, imperative
(but some dictionaries violate this order)