week 7 (no week 6) Flashcards
why are theories important?
explains why a drug is more/less addictive in particular situations such as: in one society than another, for one individual and not another, for the same individual at one time and not another
make sense of similar experiences
provides perspectives
why do people use AOD?
manage anxiety boredom energy help to function genetic reasons enjoyment to be part of a group avoid pain curiosity experimentation cope with problems
types of theories
moral model disease models neuroscientific/biolgoical models psychodynamic models social learning models (1, behavioural, 2 cognitive 3cognitive-behavioural) motivational and change theories family, systems, socio-cultural models
what is the moral model
during the 18th and 19th century addiction was seen as a sin and a fault in ones character
historically people were punished or pushed down a spiritual direction
jail sentences
a person whose drug use is problematic, in most cases have no difficulty in finding supporting evidence to confirm this view
works against the prospect of genuine change which diminshes motivation and avoid taking responsibility eg, comments once a junkie always a junkie
still a common concept
disease model
assumes that the origins of addiction lie within the individual
medical viewpoint and suggest addiction is a disease
believes:
addiction does not exist on a continuum (either present or not)
addicted people cannot control their intake
lifelong disease
once they consume the substance they are powerless to stop
the disease of addiction is irreversible/cannot be cured
disease is progressive
what models is the disease model used in?
the 12 step models
AA, NA, AI-Anon
how does the 12 step model describe disease
as a spiritual disease and a lack of control
all or nothing
cannot be cured only managed
support through attending groups or surrending to a higher power
the 12 steps in the 12 step program
- admission
- recognition
- submission
- understanding
- confession
- readiness
- humility
- reparation
- apology
- integrity
- meditation
- awakening
advantages to the 12 step model
drug use becomes a health issue and not just a legal issue
allows addicted people to understand their behaviour
offers a treatment approach (abstinence) that works for some
removes some of the shame often felt by people affected by addiction
disadvantages to the 12 step model
removes responsibility from the user
offers only one course of treatment (abstinence) which is not suitable for all people especially young people
not supported by a large amount of evidence
psychodynamic model
originates from Freud
te basic philosophy is that we can link problems to our childhood and how we cope or don’t as adults
this philosophy forms the basis of many counselling approaches which aim to gain insight into an individual’s unconscious motivation and try to enhance their self-image
nature and nurture approach
nature looks at how we were brought up and the environment
drug use is a symptom of an underlying psychological disorder
indicates severe psychopathology
psychological problems are assumed to cause substance abuse but not usually recognised as a consequence of use
addiction is consider a uniform disorder
attachment styles
secure
ambivalent/avoidant
anxious/avoidant
disorganised/insecure
current psychodynamic views addiction as:
inability to self regulate, feelings, establish and maintain the sense of self, relationships, adequate control/regulation or behaviour especially self-care
treatment via the therapeutic relationship and specific psychoanalytic techniques
based in lived experiences
neuroscientific/biological theories
how do the drugs impact our brain
focuses on genetic characteristics, reward systems, neuroadaption
medical model
genetic characteristics
people may inherit an increased likelihood (vulnerability) of developing dependence on substances
increasing area of interest
family/twins studies; environment factors vs genetics factors
genetic factors
genes that are in: dopaminergic glutamatergic GABAergic opioidergic serotoninergic cannabinoid noradrenaline circadian rhythm systems
environmental factors
culture/peer influence age of first use alcohol availability childhood maltreatment parental attitudes stress
what is the reward system
dopamine reward system dopamine gets released when you do something which makes you want to do it again motivates us to do things eg have sex opiod reward system pain system
social learning models
based on users thoughts of substances and what its like to be under the influence of the drug itself
the idea of dependence is not only chemical but also behavioural and social in nature
what are the 2 central notions in social learning model?
use is learned and is functional
social learning theory
social learning interventions focus on altering the clients relationship with their environment
behavioural theories
only consider observable/measurable behaviour
behaviour is a consequence of learning
what are the 4 main types of conditioning
classical
operant
modelling
tension reduction
classical conditioning
pavlovs dog
CS cues and triggers the CR
CS is more important than the CR
operant conditioning
focuses on reinforcing properties of drugs, and the likelihood of people repeating immediately pleasurable experiences and avoiding unpleasurable ones
eg, positive and negative reinforcement and punishment
tension reduction theory
tension in society demands relief which can cause problems
cognitive and cognitive behavioural theory
focuses on the thoughts/beliefs and impacts on behaviours and feelings
the way people interpret specific situations influences feelings, motivations and actions
what is cognitive dissonance
conflict between desire to use drugs and the desire to be free of drugs
expectancy theory
two specific cognitions: outcome expectancy (beliefs about effects and outcomes of using) self efficacy (belief in ones own ability to effect change)
motivation and change theories
transtheoretical
increase the clients awareness of the potential problems caused, consequences experienced and the risks faced as a result of the behaviour in question
family and systems theory
determinants of behaviour are based on an individuals role within a system
focuses on society as a whole not just the individual
family and other systems have role in starting/maintaining substance use
large emphasis on social and cultural disadvantages likely to lead to substance abuse problems
common elements shared amongst theories:
boundaries
reciprocal causality
homeostasis
