Week 7: Musculoskeletal system

Question 1

how many bones does the human body have?

Answer 1

206 bones

Question 2

what is a joint?

Answer 2

places of union of two or more bones

Question 3

what are nonsynovial joints?

Answer 3

bones united by fibrous tissue or cartilage. Can be immovable e.g. sutures in skull, or slightly movable e.g. vertebrae

Question 4

synovial joints

Answer 4

move freely because bones are separated and enclosed in joint cavity that contains synovial fluid which allows sliding and movement.

Question 5

Cartilage

Answer 5

cushions bones and gives smooth surface to facilitate movement. Has tough, firm consistency, yet is flexible

Question 6

what are ligaments?

Answer 6

fibrous bands running directly from one bone to another, strengthen joint and help prevent movement in undesirable directions

Question 7

Bursa

Answer 7

enclosed sac filled with synovial fluid, helps muscles and tendons glide smoothly over bone and is located in areas of potential friction

Question 8

three types of muscles

Answer 8

skeletal, smooth and cardiac

Question 9

Skeletal muscles

Answer 9

under conscious or voluntary control and produces the following movements:
* Flexion: bending limb at joint
* Extension: straightening limb at joint
* Abduction : moving limb away from midline of body
* Adduction : moving limb toward midline of body
* Pronation: turning forearm so that palm is down
* Supination: turning forearm so that palm is up
* Circumduction: moving arm in circle around shoulder
* Inversion: moving sole of foot inward at ankle
* Eversion: moving sole of foot outward at ankle
* Rotation: moving head around central axis
* Protraction: moving body part forward, parallel to ground
* Retraction: moving body part backward, parallel to ground
* Elevation: raising a body part
* Depression: lowering a body part

Question 10

Temporomandibular joint

Answer 10

articulation of the mandible and temporal bone and allows three motions:
* Hinge action to open and close jaws
* Gliding action for protrusion and retraction
* Gliding for side-to-side movement of lower jaw

Question 11

how many vertebrae are in the spine?

Answer 11

33 vertebrae:
* 7 cervical
* 12 thoracic
* 5 lumbar
* 5 sacral
* 3 to 4 coccygeal

Question 12

Glenohumeral joint

Answer 12

articulation of humerus with glenoid fossa of scapula

Question 13

Rotator cuff

Answer 13

group of four muscles and tendons support and stabilize shoulder

Question 14

palpable landmark of elbow

Answer 14

Palpable landmarks are medial and lateral epicondyles of humerus and large olecranon process of ulna between them

Question 15

landmark of knee joint include?

Answer 15

• Note lateral and medial
  condyles of tibia
• Medial and lateral
  epicondyles of femur are on either side of patella

Question 16

Abnormal findings

Answer 16

Inflammatory conditions: Rheumatoid arthritis and Ankylosing spondylitis
Degenerative conditions: Osteoarthritis and Osteoporosis

Question 17

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 17

Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease of the joints and surrounding connective tissue. The disorder is symmetrical and bilateral and is characterized by heat, redness, swelling, and
painful motion of the affected joints.

Question 18

Ankylosing Spondylitis

Answer 18

Chronic progressive inflammation of spine,
sacroiliac, and larger joints of the extremities,
leading to bony ankylosis and deformity. Spasm of paraspinal muscles pulls the spine
into forward flexion, obliterating cervical and
lumbar curves.

Question 19

Osteoarthritis

Answer 19

Noninflammatory, localized, progressive
disorder involving deterioration of articular
cartilages and subchondral bone and
formation of new bone (osteophytes) at
joint surfaces. Affected joints have stiffness; swelling with hard, bony protuberances; pain with motion; and limitation of motion

Question 20

Abnormalities of shoulder

Answer 20

• Atrophy – a lack of muscle mass
• Dislocated shoulder – the shoulder is hunched forward; clavicle
  appears dislocated
• Joint effusion - Swelling caused by excess fluid in the joint capsule, best observed anteriorly and is fluctuant on palpation
• Tear of the rotator cuff – hunched
  position and limited abduction
• Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) - gradually fibrous
  tissue forms in joint capsule causing limitation of movement
  and pain
• Subacromial bursitis –
  inflammation and swelling of the subacromial bursa

Question 21

Abnormalities of elbow

Answer 21

• Olecranon bursitis – large goose egg and redness from inflammation of olecranon Bursitis
• Gouty arthritis – joint effusion or synovial thickening results in soft boggy palpation
• Subcutaneous nodules – raised, firm, nontender nodules in rheumatoid arthritis
• Epicondylitis, tennis elbow

Question 22

Abnormalities of wrist and hand

Answer 22

• Ganglion cyst – nodules overlying tendon sheath
• Ankylosis – wrist in extreme flexion caused
  by severe RA
• Dupuytren’s contracture – caused by chronic hyperplasia of the palmar fascia results in flexion contractures of the digits
• Swan Neck and Boutonniere Deformity –
  occurs with rheumatoid arthritis
• Acute rheumatoid arthritis – painful swelling of joints
• Syndactyly – webbing of fingers
• Polydactyly – extra digits

Question 23

Conditions caused by chronic rheumatoid - arthritis

Answer 23

• Swan-neck and boutonniere deformities – flexion contractures
• Ulnar deviation or drift – fingers drift to ulnar side

Question 24

Abnormalities of knee

Answer 24

• Mild synovitis – loss of hollow on either side of patella
• Prepatellar bursitis – localized swelling anterior knee
• Swelling of menisci – localized swelling lateral knee
• Post polio muscular atrophy

Question 25

Abnormalities of ankle and foot

Answer 25

• Achilles tenosynovitis –
  inflammation of the Achilles tendon
• Chronic/acute gout – excess uric acid and deposits of urate crystals in joint space
• Hallux vagus with bunion and hammer toes – lateral deviation of great toe
• Plantar wart – sole of the foot