Week 7: Memory & Higher Cognition Flashcards
types of memory that are affected by age
- short-term/working
- episodic (events, specifically)
- prospective
- source
types of memory that remain stable with age
- semantic
- flashbulb
- implicit
- procedural
- autobiographical?
encoding
influenced by…?
transforming info into a form that can be stored in memory
influenced by:
- content factors
- environmental factors
- subjective factors
storing
maintaining the encoded information in memory
retrieving
re-assessing info from the past which has been encoded and stored
encoding specificity theory
recall is better when the environments of encoding and retrieval are similar
_____ is the most effective way to combat “forgetting”
repetition
working memory (WM)
system with limited capacity that can hold information temporarily (think short-term)
examples of working memory tasks
- n-back test
- backward digit span
- delayed recognition
- sternberg task
how do older adults compensate for impaired working memory?
additional neural circuits (scaffolding theory)
TB: what are some real-life examples (2) of when you’d rely on working memory?
- someone telling you their name and keeps talking but still have to remember what name was
- trying to take notes of what professor is saying while they keep talking
9 types of long-term memory
- episodic memory
- remote memory
- autobiographical memory
- flashbulb memory
- semantic memory
- procedural memory
- implicit memory
- source memory
- prospective memory
episodic memory
long-term memory for events (“episodes”)
valence
why is it important?
intrinsic positive or negative feelings towards a stimulus
BOTH positive and negative stimuli are helpful when remembering
the more _____ and _____ you have to something, the more you will remember it
arousal, valence
_____ exhibited better episodic memory than _____ peers
bilinguals, monolingual
remote memory
recall of information from the distant past (years or decades ago)
autobiographical memory
recall of information from your own past
reminiscence bumb
clear memories between 10-30 years of age
flashbulb memory
recall of important or distinctive events that stand out from other memories/events
semantic memory
ability to recall word meanings and factual info
source memory
recall of where or how an individual acquires info
contexts in which we previously experienced people we meet
procedural memory
recall of the actions involved in a particular task
ex. riding a bike
prospective memory
recall of events to be performed in the future
identity process model
self-fulfilling prophecy if you believe you are already “over the hill” and on a hopeless, downhill course
memory self-efficacy
confidence you have in your memory
stereotype threat
individuals perform in ways consistent with negative stereotypes of the group they see themselves belonging to
memory and health-related behaviours
- stress
- smoking
- depression
- sleep
- diet
- aerobic exercise
- strength training
TB: what indirect effects could exercise have on older adults that would improve their cognitive function?
- social aspect reduces stress
- increase self-efficacy
- encourages healthy lifestyle overall
\_\_\_\_\_ = academic intelligence ("book smarts")
\_\_\_\_\_ = practical intelligence ("street smarts")
which increases with age and experience?
formal knowledge, tacit knowledge
tacit knowledge!
interpersonal conflict
older adults are less confrontational and impulsive due to lack of resources
\_\_\_\_\_ = involves process of elimination to problem solve with only one solution \_\_\_\_\_ = tolerating ambiguity and remaining flexible & open to considering more than one solution to a problem
formal operational thinking, postformal thinking
3 components of intelligence
- analytic - academic intelligence
- practical - street smarts
- creative - divergent thinking
swan song phenomenon
a final burst of creative thinking in the 6th or 7th decade following post-peak decline
constant probability of success model of creativity
maximum creativity in a career coincides with maximum productivity
3 levels to rightness or wrongness of choices
- preconventional morality (0-4)
- conventional morality (10+)
- postconventional morality (not reached by all)
\_\_\_\_\_ = eliminate alternatives after an incomplete search while making decision \_\_\_\_\_ = summing, weighing, and averaging possible alternatives prior to making decision \_\_\_\_\_ = continuing to invest resources into something that is disappointing just because of time/cost already
non-compensatory decision rules
compensatory decision rules
sunk-cost fallacy
elements in health decision making in older adults
- focus on positive info
- use top-down processing
- sensitive to framing effects
- prefer to have less choices
3 dimensions of wisdom scale
- cognitive wisdom - desire to seek truth
- reflective wisdom - multiple perspective-taking, minimal subjectivity
- affective wisdom - sympathy, compassion, minimal self-centeredness
2 conceptions of wisdom
- cognitive conception - importance of knowledge
2. integrative conception - importance of both knowledge and empathy
