Week 12: Pathology Flashcards
T or F: a large proportion of older adults are happy
TRUE
_____ of mental disorder are the same between young and older, but _____ of mental disorders differ
proportion, types
T or F: depression is a normal part of aging
FALSE
3 types of depression symptoms
- affective
- somatic
- cognitive
diathesis
- vulnerability to stress
- biological predisposition
- differs for everyone
diathesis-stress model
high diathesis + extreme stress = severe disorder
high diathesis + moderate stress = mild disorder
low diathesis + extreme stress = mild disorder
low diathesis + moderate stress = no disorder
vascular-depression-dementia hypothesis
association between depression and dementia
dementia can attack the _____ between brain cells, causing them to die and the brain to _____
connections, shrink
dementia
- global cognitive decline occurring in older adulthood
- umbrella term used to describe a range of symptoms associated with cognitive impairment
more than __% of institutionalized older adults have some form of dementia
50
dementia results in:
- deficits in memory, language, orientation, abstract thinking and reasoning, decision making, and problem solving
- can severely affect ADLs and IADLs
- personality changes and emotional responsiveness changes
T or F: consciousness begins to deteriorate at the start of the disorder in patients with dementia
FALSE
6 types of dementia
- Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
- vascular dementia (VaD)
- dementia with Lewy Bodies
- frontotemporal dementia
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
- young-onset dementia
what are the 4 most common types of dementia and what percentage of cases do they each account for?
- Alzheimer’s disease (AD) - 50% of cases
- vascular dementia (VaD) - 20% of cases
- Lewy Body dementia - 10-15% of cases
- frontotemporal dementia - 10% of cases
the onset of Alzheimer’s disease is…
insidious (subtle, gradual, cumulative)
gradual progression vs effects in late stages of Alzheimer’s disease
- gradual = language, problem solving, decision making
- late = extreme confusion and disorientation, severe agitation, delusions, hallucinations, paranoia
what is the most common symptom of Alzheimer’s disease that gets family concerned?
patient getting lost in an ordinary location
patients with AD can live up to __ years post-diagnosis
10
diagnosis of AD and Lewy Body dementia is only certain during _____
autopsy (when you pass away)
risk factors of AD
- being a woman
- being African American or Hispanic
- genetics?
preventions of AD
- education
- physical activity
- nutritious diet
what types of disorders is vascular dementia (VaD) associated with?
disorders of the cerebrovascular system
ex. blockage of cerebral blood vessels that can lead to focal destruction of brain tissue
risk factors of VaD
- being male
- hypertension/heart disease
- diabetes
- hyperlipidemia
- smoking
only 50% of diagnosed VaD individuals survive longer than __ years
3
Lewy Body dementia results in…
abnormal microscopic protein deposits found inside nerve cells
Lewy Body dementia can disrupt _____ AND _____ functioning
*hint: this is what’s different between Lewy Body and Alzheimer’s
cognitive, motor
symptoms of frontotemporal dementia start to occur between ages __-__
45-65 (earlier on)
major atrophy in _____ and _____ lobes in frontotemporal dementia
frontal, temporal
what is the cause of frontotemporal dementia?
unknown
symptoms of frontotemporal dementia
- behaviours/personality changes
- impulsiveness, apathy, socially inappropriate behaviour
frontotemporal does NOT usually affect _____, most issues are with _____
*hint: differs from AD and VaD
memory, executive functioning
what is the ultimate goal of research on dementia?
create disease modifying treatment to stop progression
3 progressions due to research on dementia
- changes in brain start happening 10-15 years before symptoms are experienced (brain compensates)
- can use a tracer to look at amyloid in the brain in clinical trials (rather than waiting for autopsy)
- diversifying the target
TB: what additional concerns/knowledge should therapists have when working with older adults?
- overall life course
- culture
- comorbidities
- family health history
- support systems (or lack thereof)
- financial health
- legal aspects
