Week 7 - Language and Communication- Test 2 Flashcards
What are calls and call systems?
Systems of communication among nonhuman primates, composed of a limited number of sounds that vary in intensity and duration; are tied to environmental stimuli.
What is language?
spoken or written is our primary means of communication
What is linguistic displacement?
movement of an element from its original position in a phrase or clause to another position.
What is cultural transmission?
A basic feature of language; transmission through learning.
What are phonemes?
basic units for forming symbols - the minimal categories of speech that make a difference, that differentiate meaning
What are morphemes?
basic units for forming symbols - the basic categories in any language that carries meanings
What is a symbol?
Something, verbal or nonverbal, that arbitrarily and by convention stands for something else, with which it has no necessary or natural connection.
What is the Sapir-Whorf hypotheses?
the grammatical categories of particular languages produce different ways of thinking
What is haptics?
technology that transmits tactile information using sensations such as vibration, touch, and force feedback.
What is kinesics?
The study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions.
What is sociolinguistic?
The study of relationships between social and linguistic variation; the study of language in its social context.
What is the linguistic market?
symbolic market where linguistic exchanges happen
What is linguistic capital?
sociolinguistic term coined by French sociologist and philosopher Pierre Bourdieu
If it a form of cultural capital that is inherited or acquired over time, not transferable and influences ones habitus.
What is symbolic domination?
refers to the ability of dominant social classes to convince themselves and others that the existing social hierarchy is justified based on inherent properties of people or knowledge
Who is Pierre Bourdieu?
wrote the book ‘Distinction,’ which explains how cultural distinctions create social inequality. He proposes that inequality stems from economic, social, and cultural capital.
What is the famous language experiments among great apes including those involving Washoe, Lucy, Nim, and Koko.
Washoe (1965-2007): she had a vocabulary of more than 100 signs - Uses American sign language (ASL) - lived in Norman Oklahoma at a converted farm. The people used ASL to communicate with each other in presence and the chimp gradually acquired a vocabulary. She could eventually use up to 5 signs to form a sentence.
Lucy (1966-1987): Also learned ASL - raised as a child; like Washoe, swore, lied, told jokes, and tried to teach language to others (she died most likely bo poachers)
Nim (1973-2000): raised as a child; unlike in the case of Washoe and Lucy, the experiment was inconclusive; led to a heated debate
Koko (1971): regularly employs 400 signs to communicate and recognized at least 2000 spoken words when she heard them.
How do languages divide the world?
the consequences of this mechanism for humans’ perception of the world.
What is the relationship between language and culture?
Language affects our worldview
Language is affected by social, economic, and political factors
What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and its limitations?
Rather than seeking universal linguistic structures and processes, they believe that different languages produce different ways of thinking.
grammatical categories of different languages lead their speakers to think about things in particular ways. For example, English divides time (tenses) into past, present, and future. Hopi, a language of the Pueblo region of the Native American Southwest, does not. Rather, Hopi distinguishes between events that exist or have existed (what we use present and past to discuss) and those that don’t or don’t yet (our future events, along with imaginary and hypothetical events). Whorf argued that this difference leads Hopi speakers to think about time and reality in different ways than English speakers do.
Why people have accents and the relativity of the concept of accent.
what are Nonverbal forms of communication and their relation to culture?
What are artifacts?
jewelry, piercings, and other visible objects displayed
What are haptics?
refers to the analysis of touch
What are kinesics?
the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and expressions.
We use and evaluate speech in the context of what extralinguistic forces
social, political, and economic.
What is the particular domain of investigation of sociolinguistics?
language variation.
Sociolinguists analyze various aspects of language variation, including pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and discourse patterns.
They investigate how factors such as socioeconomic status, education, and social networks influence language variation.
What is the concepts of the linguistic market?
Different languages and varieties hold distinct symbolic values in this marketplace.
What is linguistic capital?
a subtype of the broader concept of cultural capital according to Pierre Bourdieu—is exchanged.
What is symbolic domination as discussed by Pierre Bourdieu?
is a concept that illuminates how power operates through symbolic systems such as language, culture, and knowledge. Let’s delve into its key aspects:
