Week 7 - Language and Communication- Test 2

Question 1

What are calls and call systems?

Answer 1

Systems of communication among nonhuman primates, composed of a limited number of sounds that vary in intensity and duration; are tied to environmental stimuli.

Question 2

What is language?

Answer 2

spoken or written is our primary means of communication

Question 3

What is linguistic displacement?

Answer 3

movement of an element from its original position in a phrase or clause to another position.

Question 4

What is cultural transmission?

Answer 4

A basic feature of language; transmission through learning.

Question 5

What are phonemes?

Answer 5

basic units for forming symbols - the minimal categories of speech that make a difference, that differentiate meaning

Question 6

What are morphemes?

Answer 6

basic units for forming symbols - the basic categories in any language that carries meanings

Question 7

What is a symbol?

Answer 7

Something, verbal or nonverbal, that arbitrarily and by convention stands for something else, with which it has no necessary or natural connection.

Question 8

What is the Sapir-Whorf hypotheses?

Answer 8

the grammatical categories of particular languages produce different ways of thinking

Question 9

What is haptics?

Answer 9

technology that transmits tactile information using sensations such as vibration, touch, and force feedback.

Question 10

What is kinesics?

Answer 10

The study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions.

Question 11

What is sociolinguistic?

Answer 11

The study of relationships between social and linguistic variation; the study of language in its social context.

Question 12

What is the linguistic market?

Answer 12

symbolic market where linguistic exchanges happen

Question 13

What is linguistic capital?

Answer 13

sociolinguistic term coined by French sociologist and philosopher Pierre Bourdieu

If it a form of cultural capital that is inherited or acquired over time, not transferable and influences ones habitus.

Question 14

What is symbolic domination?

Answer 14

refers to the ability of dominant social classes to convince themselves and others that the existing social hierarchy is justified based on inherent properties of people or knowledge

Question 15

Who is Pierre Bourdieu?

Answer 15

wrote the book ‘Distinction,’ which explains how cultural distinctions create social inequality. He proposes that inequality stems from economic, social, and cultural capital.

Question 16

What is the famous language experiments among great apes including those involving Washoe, Lucy, Nim, and Koko.

Answer 16

Washoe (1965-2007): she had a vocabulary of more than 100 signs - Uses American sign language (ASL) - lived in Norman Oklahoma at a converted farm. The people used ASL to communicate with each other in presence and the chimp gradually acquired a vocabulary. She could eventually use up to 5 signs to form a sentence.

Lucy (1966-1987): Also learned ASL - raised as a child; like Washoe, swore, lied, told jokes, and tried to teach language to others (she died most likely bo poachers)

Nim (1973-2000): raised as a child; unlike in the case of Washoe and Lucy, the experiment was inconclusive; led to a heated debate

Koko (1971): regularly employs 400 signs to communicate and recognized at least 2000 spoken words when she heard them.

Question 17

How do languages divide the world?

Question 18

the consequences of this mechanism for humans’ perception of the world.

Question 19

What is the relationship between language and culture?

Answer 19

Language affects our worldview
Language is affected by social, economic, and political factors

Question 20

What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and its limitations?

Answer 20

Rather than seeking universal linguistic structures and processes, they believe that different languages produce different ways of thinking.

grammatical categories of different languages lead their speakers to think about things in particular ways. For example, English divides time (tenses) into past, present, and future. Hopi, a language of the Pueblo region of the Native American Southwest, does not. Rather, Hopi distinguishes between events that exist or have existed (what we use present and past to discuss) and those that don’t or don’t yet (our future events, along with imaginary and hypothetical events). Whorf argued that this difference leads Hopi speakers to think about time and reality in different ways than English speakers do.

Question 21

Why people have accents and the relativity of the concept of accent.

Question 22

what are Nonverbal forms of communication and their relation to culture?

Question 23

What are artifacts?

Answer 23

jewelry, piercings, and other visible objects displayed

Question 24

What are haptics?

Answer 24

refers to the analysis of touch

Question 25

What are kinesics?

Answer 25

the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and expressions.

Question 26

We use and evaluate speech in the context of what extralinguistic forces

Answer 26

social, political, and economic.

Question 27

What is the particular domain of investigation of sociolinguistics?

Answer 27

language variation.

Sociolinguists analyze various aspects of language variation, including pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and discourse patterns.

They investigate how factors such as socioeconomic status, education, and social networks influence language variation.

Question 28

What is the concepts of the linguistic market?

Answer 28

Different languages and varieties hold distinct symbolic values in this marketplace.

Question 29

What is linguistic capital?

Answer 29

a subtype of the broader concept of cultural capital according to Pierre Bourdieu—is exchanged.

Question 30

What is symbolic domination as discussed by Pierre Bourdieu?

Answer 30

is a concept that illuminates how power operates through symbolic systems such as language, culture, and knowledge. Let’s delve into its key aspects: