Week 7- Introduction to Evidence Flashcards
Describe aspects of qualitative research?
- Developed from social science to study social and cultural phenomenons
- Undertaken when there is a need to explore the reasons underlying behaviour or beliefs (asking the “why”)
What are potential philosophical problems with qualitative research?
- Unscientific, anecdotal
- Lack of scientifically rigorous methods
- Personal perspective dominant
- Questionable applicability and relevance
Why are these potential problems a false statement?
- Clinical practice is more than science
- Underpinned by personal observation, reflection, judgement
- Personal experiences of therapist and delivery of services, key role in outcome of intervention
- Recognition as scientific in recent years
What are the two philosophical frameworks in qualitative research?
1) Interpretive (constructivist)
2) Critical (post-positivism)
Describe an interpretive (constructivist) framework?
- Reality is socially constructed through use of language and shared meaning
- Number of realities depending on viewpoints within social context
Describe a critical (post-positivism) framework?
- Knowledge shaped by historical, social, political, power, gender, economic conditions
- Critiques and amends positivism; many things can influence what is being observed; knowledge created can be influenced
- Not just what is happening but why; seek to generate theory and knowledge to bring change
What are the aims of qualitative research?
- Naturalism
- Interpretation
- Process
- Interaction
- Relativism
Define naturalism in qualitative research
Understanding treatment regimens in everyday context
Define interpretation in qualitative research
What meaning do symptoms and treatment regimens have for patients and practitioners
Define process in qualitative research
How might these meaning change over time
Define interaction in qualitative research
How does communication between patients and practitioners impact on care delivery
Define relativism in qualitative research
Scientific reality may look different from different perspectives
What are the different qualitative research methodologies?
- Participatory action research
- Ethnography
- Grounded theory
- Phenomenology
- Qualitative description
- Feminist research
- Discourse analysis
- Case study
What is participatory action research methodology?
- Aims to examine political structures that disadvantage vulnerable groups
- Use knowledge to find ways for these structures
What is ethnography methodology?
Researcher participating in people’s daily lives for an extended period of time, watching what happens, listening to what is said, asking questions
What is grounded theory methodology?
Seeks to develop theory grounded in data systematically gathered and analysed
What is phenomenology methodology?
Study situations in everyday world from viewpoint of experiencing person
-What an experience means for person experiencing it
What is feminist research methodology?
From perspective that existing research/theory biased to a male perspective
What is discourse analysis methodology?
Revealing what is being said, thought and done in relation to specific topic or issue
What is qualitative description methodology?
Focuses on experiences of patients, relatives and professions
-Views on the patient-professional interaction and organisation of the healthcare system
What is case study methodology?
Investigate certain phenomena with certain groups of people or community (case)
-Develop holistic/meaningful characteristics of real life event
What are qualitative research methods?
- Focus groups
- Interviews
- Participant observation
- Document analysis
What is the least preferred form of sampling in qualitative research and why?
Convenience Sampling
- No clear purpose or reasoning
- Common as it’s relatively easy and used when looking at superficial issue
What are the different types of sampling in qualitative research?
- Intensity sampling
- Deviant case sampling
- Purposive sampling
- Snowball or chain
- Maximum variation sampling
- Convenience sampling
- Criterion sampling
How is sample size determined in qualitative research?
1) Philosophical
- Data is rich enough and covers all dimensions about phenomenon of interest (saturation)
2) Practical
- When time, money, resources run out
What is intensity sampling?
Rich information from a few select cases that manifest phenomenon intensely
What is deviant case sampling?
Highly unusual manifestation of phenomenon
What is purposive sampling?
Highly unusual manifestation of phenomenon
- Chosen purposefully as have story to tell
- We decide while designing study how many people with what characteristics to include
What is snowball or chain sampling?
Facilitate identification of hard to find cases
What is maximum variation sampling
Document diverse variations and help identify common patterns that cut across variations
What is criterion sampling?
Investigate in depth a particular type of case
What is convenience sampling?
Information collected from a sample of convenience
