Week 3- Introduction to Evidence

Question 1

What does the term prevalence mean?

Answer 1

People who already have the condition

cross sectional study

Question 2

What does the term incidence mean?

Answer 2

What are the risks of developing a new condition

longitudinal studies

Question 3

What are some unique features of experimental designs?

Answer 3

• Has an intervention to experiment with
• Greater control on what happens to subjects, beneficial to experimenter
• Control for variables that effect outcome confounders
• Opportunity to measure true cause and effect

Question 4

What does a cross-sectional study measure?

Answer 4

Prevalence of a condition

Question 5

What does a case-control study measure?

Answer 5

Odds ratio: determines strength of the association between each predictor variable

Question 6

What does a longitudinal cohort study measure?

Answer 6

Incidence, analysis of risk factors and health outcomes

-Repeated measures of the same sample over a period of time

Question 7

What does a pre-post study measure ?

Answer 7

Compare data at two timeframes to establish response to intervention

Question 8

What does a quasi-experimental study?

Answer 8

Performance of different subject groups, compared over different time periods

Question 9

What does a randomised control trial measure?

Answer 9

Effect of an intervention at an individual level

-Demonstrates causality

Question 10

What does a stepped wedge design measure?

Answer 10

Effect of intervention time and dosage on outcome

-One cluster/individual receive the intervention at each time period

Question 11

What is reliability and name examples of reliability?

Answer 11

Consistency or repeatability of measurements

1) Intra-rater reliability
2) Inter-rater reliability
3) Test-retest reliability

Question 12

What is validity and name examples of validity?

Answer 12

Accuracy of measurements: measuring what you are suppose to measure

1) Face Validity
2) Content Validity
3) Criterion Validity (predictive and concurrent)

Question 13

What is intra-rater reliability?

Answer 13

Same measurements undertaken by same person at different time points

Question 14

What is inter-rater reliability?

Answer 14

Same measurement undertaken by different people at same time points

Question 15

What is test-retest reliability?

Answer 15

Focus on the tools or instrument, reliability across time

Question 16

What is face validity?

Answer 16

Does the measurement appears to measure what it aims to measure

Question 17

What is content validity?

Answer 17

Does the measurement cover everything it should

Question 18

What are the two types of criterion validity?

Answer 18

How does one measure relate to an outcome

• Predictive: ability of measure to predict future outcomes
• Concurrent: ability of measure to correlate with other already validated measures

Question 19

Name and describe the two types of categorical data

Answer 19

1) Ordinal Data
- Observations logically ordered or ranked
2) Nominal Data
- Observations can take a value that aren’t organised in a logical sequence

Question 20

Name and describe the two types of numerical data

Answer 20

1) Continuous Data
- Take any value between a certain set of numbers
2) Discrete Data
- That take a value based on counting a set of distinct whole values