Week 7 intro to nervous system organisation Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system (NS)

A

Made up of different functional nervous systems
-Electrical and chemical messaging throughout the body

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2
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord, linked to; peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Afferent Nerves: Sensory neurons (messages from periphery to spinal cord)
Efferent Nerves (messages from spinal cord to muscles/glands
-Divided into somatic and
autonomic

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4
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Two key elements, sensing and responding, sensory division (afferent) and motor division (efferent)

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5
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Involuntary control (nervous system), can be divided into two sub units : sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

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5
Q

Functional divisions of the nervous system

A

Sensory division (sensing) -> CNS -> Motor division (responding) -> somatic nervous system / autonomic nervous system -> (from autonomic nervous system) -> sympathetic division / parasympathetic division

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6
Q

Afferent

A

Means : towards something

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7
Q

Two key cell types

A

-Neurons
-Glial cells

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8
Q

Neurons

A

Responsible for communication
(action potential / neurotransmission)

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9
Q

Glial cells

A

-Neuroglia or glia
-Supporting cells

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10
Q

Neurons (individual nerve cells)

A

Specialised cells:
-Transmit information as electrical signals - nerve impulses or action potentials (AP)

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11
Q

Neurons structure

A

Main part: cell body/soma
Extensions of cell membrane
-Single axon: divides to
communicate with other cells
-Dendrites: receives info from
other cells
-Connections site: synapse
-Information flows: from the dendrites, across the cell body, and down the axon -> AP starts at Axonal hillock
Many axons: wrapped by
an insulating substance – myelin
->Gaps: Nodes of ranvier
->Deposited by glial cells
Axon terminals – communicate with other neurones / muscles (synapses)

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12
Q

Glial cells

A

Glial cells support neurons
Types:
-Oligodrendrocytes (CNS)
-Schwann cells (PNS)
-Astrocytes (CNS)
-Microglia (CNS)
-Ependymal (CNS)

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13
Q

Oligodrendrocytes (CNS) and
Schwann cells (PNS)

A

Produce myelin and facilitate transmission

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14
Q

Astrocytes (CNS)

A

Enable homeostasis, physical
barrier/connector, buffer, reuptake of neurotransmitters support neurones

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15
Q

Microglia (CNS)

A

Immune cells of the brain
->Phagocytose dead cells and debris

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16
Q

Ependymal (CNS)

A

Help form barriers

17
Q

Nerves

A

Peripheral nerve – sensory and motor (somatic and autonomic) peripheral nerves
->Inside: number of structures containing the axons of a neuron (bundles of axons in PNS)
CNS: Called Tracts = bundle of axons connecting nuclei or regions of the brain

18
Q

do slides 11 /12 here

19
Q

Receptor types

A
  • Ligand- gated ion channels (ionotropic) -> milliseconds
  • G-protein coupled receptors -> seconds
  • Kinase - linked receptors -> mins/hours
  • Nuclear receptors -> hours/days
20
Q

Synapses

A

May be excitatory
->Stimulus (AP) in second
neurone
May be inhibitory
->Stimulus in 1st makes an AP
less likely to occur
Use different neurotransmitters
-> Allow different ions into the
second neuron

21
Q

Excitatory synapse

A

Causes depolarisation

22
Q

Inhibitory synapse

A

Causes hyperpolarisation

23
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

Synaptic structures are complex
->Multiple synapses onto the same dendrite -> not just 2 neurons in series
-Different synapses can be excitatory or inhibitory
->Whether the neurone fires or not is a sum of all the synaptic inputs

24
Excitatory neurotransmitters
– Glutamate – Monoamines -> dopamine, noradrenaline, 5HT/seratonin – Acetylcholine
25
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
– GABA – Glycine – Endorphins
26
Other neurotransmitters
Neuromodulators – Neuropeptides – Endocannabinoids
27
Human brain
-Cerebrum -Diencephalon -Brain stem -Cerebellum
28
Cerebrum
Higher Functions -Cortex and sub cortex (movement, memory, emotion) -2 hemispheres joined by corpus callosum -Surface folded
29
Cerebrum lobes
-Frontal -Parietal -Occipital -Temporal
30
Frontal lobe
Reasoning, planning, speech, movement, problem solving
31
Parietal lobe
Movement / orientation recognition, stimuli perception
32
Occipital lobe
Visual processing
33
Temporal lobe
Perceptions/recognition of auditory stimuli
34
Cerebrum : cortex
-Motor cortex found in the frontal lobe -Sensory cortex found in parietal lobe
35
Diencephalon: Homeostasis
-Between brain stem and cerebrum -Thalamus -Hypothalamus and pituitary
36
Brain stem
Involuntary functions; blood pressure, breathing, vomiting, sleep/arousal -Midbrain -Pons -Medulla
37
Cerebellum
co-ordinates movement
38
CNS: The brain and its protection
Cranium (protection) Meninges (membranes)
39
Meninges (membranes)
-Dura mater (outer) -Arachnoid membrane -Pia mater (inner) Cover brain and spinal cord Between arachnoid and pia filled with cerebrospinal fluid (csf)
40
Protection Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Salty solution secreted into ventricles (chambers in the brain) Protection ->Physical: buoyancy and padding ->Chemical: Stable ionic environment -Different to plasma -No blood cells little protein