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PMP101 > Week 7 intro to nervous system organisation > Flashcards

Week 7 intro to nervous system organisation Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system (NS)

A

Made up of different functional nervous systems
-Electrical and chemical messaging throughout the body

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2
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord, linked to; peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Afferent Nerves: Sensory neurons (messages from periphery to spinal cord)
Efferent Nerves (messages from spinal cord to muscles/glands
-Divided into somatic and
autonomic

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4
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Two key elements, sensing and responding, sensory division (afferent) and motor division (efferent)

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5
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Involuntary control (nervous system), can be divided into two sub units : sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

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5
Q

Functional divisions of the nervous system

A

Sensory division (sensing) -> CNS -> Motor division (responding) -> somatic nervous system / autonomic nervous system -> (from autonomic nervous system) -> sympathetic division / parasympathetic division

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6
Q

Afferent

A

Means : towards something

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7
Q

Two key cell types

A

-Neurons
-Glial cells

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8
Q

Neurons

A

Responsible for communication
(action potential / neurotransmission)

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9
Q

Glial cells

A

-Neuroglia or glia
-Supporting cells

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10
Q

Neurons (individual nerve cells)

A

Specialised cells:
-Transmit information as electrical signals - nerve impulses or action potentials (AP)

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11
Q

Neurons structure

A

Main part: cell body/soma
Extensions of cell membrane
-Single axon: divides to
communicate with other cells
-Dendrites: receives info from
other cells
-Connections site: synapse
-Information flows: from the dendrites, across the cell body, and down the axon -> AP starts at Axonal hillock
Many axons: wrapped by
an insulating substance – myelin
->Gaps: Nodes of ranvier
->Deposited by glial cells
Axon terminals – communicate with other neurones / muscles (synapses)

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12
Q

Glial cells

A

Glial cells support neurons
Types:
-Oligodrendrocytes (CNS)
-Schwann cells (PNS)
-Astrocytes (CNS)
-Microglia (CNS)
-Ependymal (CNS)

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13
Q

Oligodrendrocytes (CNS) and
Schwann cells (PNS)

A

Produce myelin and facilitate transmission

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14
Q

Astrocytes (CNS)

A

Enable homeostasis, physical
barrier/connector, buffer, reuptake of neurotransmitters support neurones

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15
Q

Microglia (CNS)

A

Immune cells of the brain
->Phagocytose dead cells and debris

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16
Q

Ependymal (CNS)

A

Help form barriers

17
Q

Nerves

A

Peripheral nerve – sensory and motor (somatic and autonomic) peripheral nerves
->Inside: number of structures containing the axons of a neuron (bundles of axons in PNS)
CNS: Called Tracts = bundle of axons connecting nuclei or regions of the brain

18
Q

do slides 11 /12 here

A
19
Q

Receptor types

A
  • Ligand- gated ion channels (ionotropic) -> milliseconds
  • G-protein coupled receptors -> seconds
  • Kinase - linked receptors -> mins/hours
  • Nuclear receptors -> hours/days
20
Q

Synapses

A

May be excitatory
->Stimulus (AP) in second
neurone
May be inhibitory
->Stimulus in 1st makes an AP
less likely to occur
Use different neurotransmitters
-> Allow different ions into the
second neuron

21
Q

Excitatory synapse

A

Causes depolarisation

22
Q

Inhibitory synapse

A

Causes hyperpolarisation

23
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

Synaptic structures are complex
->Multiple synapses onto the same dendrite -> not just 2 neurons in series
-Different synapses can be excitatory or inhibitory
->Whether the neurone fires or not is a sum of all the synaptic inputs

24
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

– Glutamate
– Monoamines -> dopamine, noradrenaline, 5HT/seratonin
– Acetylcholine

25
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

– GABA
– Glycine
– Endorphins

26
Q

Other neurotransmitters

A

Neuromodulators
– Neuropeptides
– Endocannabinoids

27
Q

Human brain

A

-Cerebrum
-Diencephalon
-Brain stem
-Cerebellum

28
Q

Cerebrum

A

Higher Functions
-Cortex and sub cortex (movement, memory, emotion)
-2 hemispheres joined by corpus callosum
-Surface folded

29
Q

Cerebrum lobes

A

-Frontal
-Parietal
-Occipital
-Temporal

30
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Reasoning, planning, speech,
movement, problem solving

31
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Movement / orientation
recognition, stimuli perception

32
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual processing

33
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Perceptions/recognition of
auditory stimuli

34
Q

Cerebrum : cortex

A

-Motor cortex
found in the
frontal lobe
-Sensory cortex
found in parietal
lobe

35
Q

Diencephalon: Homeostasis

A

-Between brain stem and cerebrum
-Thalamus
-Hypothalamus and pituitary

36
Q

Brain stem

A

Involuntary functions; blood pressure, breathing, vomiting,
sleep/arousal
-Midbrain
-Pons
-Medulla

37
Q

Cerebellum

A

co-ordinates movement

38
Q

CNS: The brain and its protection

A

Cranium (protection)
Meninges (membranes)

39
Q

Meninges (membranes)

A

-Dura mater (outer)
-Arachnoid membrane
-Pia mater (inner)
Cover brain and spinal cord
Between arachnoid and pia
filled with cerebrospinal
fluid (csf)

40
Q

Protection Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Salty solution secreted into ventricles (chambers in the brain)
Protection
->Physical: buoyancy and padding
->Chemical: Stable ionic environment
-Different to plasma
-No blood cells little protein

PMP101 (21 decks)

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